Prisoner's Dilemma

Japanese: 囚人のジレンマ
Prisoner's Dilemma
The Prisoner's Dilemma is a game-theoretic model that suggests that the choices that are optimal for individuals may not end up being optimal for the whole. This model is used in a wide range of situations, including environmental protection and price wars.
·(example)
Two prisoners arrested for the same crime are in a prison where they cannot communicate with each other. So they are each given a proposal: "If one confesses, they will be released through a plea bargain, but if the other confesses, both will receive three years in prison. If one confesses and the other remains silent, the one who confessed will be released and the one who remained silent will receive five years in prison. If both remain silent, they will receive one year in prison."
The best thing for you would be to be released by confessing and the other party remaining silent. However, if the other party also confesses, both parties will be sentenced to three years in prison. On the other hand, if you remain silent and the other party also remains silent, your sentence will be one year, which is shorter than the three years you would get if both parties confessed. However, if the other party confesses, you will suffer the greatest disadvantage of five years in prison.
- Overall, although a one-year prison sentence for both prisoners would be the optimal choice if they remained silent, confessing would result in release for each of them, creating a dilemma between confessing and remaining silent.

Source: Active & Company, Inc. Human Resource Management Glossary Information

Japanese:
・囚人のジレンマとは、個人の最適化を図ろうとした選択が、結果として全体の最適選択とはならないことを示唆するゲーム理論のモデルである。このモデルは、環境保護問題や値下げ競争等幅広い状況で使用される。
・(例)
同一の事件で逮捕された2人の囚人が、互いに意思疎通をできない牢獄にいる。そこで2人に対し、個別に提案を出される。「自白するれば司法取引により釈放されるが、もう1人も自白した場合は2人に懲役3年が科せられる。1人が自白し、もう1人が黙秘した場合、自白した者は釈放され、黙秘した者は懲役5年が科せられる。また両方が黙秘した場合は、懲役1年が科せられる。」
自分にとって最適なのは、自分の自白と相手の黙秘によって釈放されることである。しかし、相手も自白してしまうと双方に3年の懲役が科せられる。その一方、もし自分黙秘し相手も黙秘した場合、双方が自白した場合の懲役3年より短い懲役1年となる。しかし相手が自白した場合、自分にとって懲役5年という最大不利益を被ってしまう。
・全体としてみれば、2人の囚人の黙秘による懲役1年が最適な選択であるのにも関わらず、自白をした場合自分にとって釈放という最適化があるため、自白か黙秘かの選択にジレンマが生じてしまう。

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