A non-profit association dealing in mutual insurance. It is a corporate structure unique to insurance companies based on the Insurance Business Act. There are no shareholders, and policyholders become employees (equivalent to shareholders of a joint-stock company) and receive dividends. Since all policyholders are employees with voting rights, the number of employees can reach several million to over 10 million, and it is practically impossible to hold a general meeting of members. For this reason, representatives are selected from among the policyholders, and the general meeting of representatives (equivalent to a general meeting of shareholders of a joint-stock company) composed of these representatives is the highest decision-making body, which monitors management and approves management policies. In Japan, Dai-ichi Life Insurance, founded in 1902 (Meiji 35), was the first mutual company. As of August 2014 (Heisei 26), Nippon Life Insurance, Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance, Sumitomo Life Insurance, Fukoku Life Insurance, and Asahi Life Insurance have adopted the mutual company structure. There are no non-life insurance companies that use the mutual company structure. While life insurance companies that operate as joint stock companies must pay dividends to shareholders in addition to policyholders, mutual companies pass all dividends on to policyholders, so their dividends tend to be higher. Mutual companies are also less susceptible to acquisition than joint stock companies. However, on the other hand, it has been pointed out that mutual companies have the problem of difficulty in raising funds from the market, and are an obstacle to the restructuring of the industry that is necessary to improve international competitiveness. In Japan, since the mid-1990s when the bubble economy collapsed, the deterioration of the management of life insurance companies has come to light one after another. For this reason, the government revised the Insurance Business Act in 1995 (Heisei 7) to allow mutual companies to convert to joint stock companies. As a result, mutual companies such as Daido Life Insurance (2002), Taiyo Life Insurance (2003), Mitsui Life Insurance (2004), and Dai-ichi Life Insurance (2010) converted to joint stock companies, integrating their management and listing on the stock exchange. In a broader sense, a mutual company is any management structure in which employees and service beneficiaries (customers) are the same. Examples of mutual companies include Japanese insurance companies that use the mutual company system, and American mutual savings banks that collect employee savings and lend them to employees. [Takeshi Yano] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
相互保険を扱う非営利の社団法人。保険業法に基づく保険会社特有の会社形態である。株主は存在せず、保険契約者が社員(株式会社の株主に相当)となり、配当を受ける。全保険契約者が議決権をもつ社員であるため、社員数は数百万から1000万人超に達し、事実上、社員総会を開催することはできない。このため保険契約者のなかから総代を選び、この総代によって構成される総代会(株式会社の株主総会に相当)を最高意思決定機関とし、経営監視や経営方針の承認を行う。日本では1902年(明治35)に設立された第一生命保険が相互会社の第1号である。2014年(平成26)8月時点で、日本生命保険、明治安田生命保険、住友生命保険、富国(ふこく)生命保険、朝日生命保険が相互会社方式を採用している。なお、相互会社方式の損害保険会社はない。 株式会社方式の生命保険会社では契約者とは別に株主にも配当する必要があるのに対し、相互会社は契約者にすべての配当を回すため、配当が高くなる傾向がある。また、相互会社には株式会社に比べて買収されにくいという特性がある。しかしその一方で、資金を市場から調達するのがむずかしいという問題が生じることや、さらには国際競争力向上のために必要な業界再編の障害になっているという指摘もある。日本ではバブル経済が崩壊した1990年代中盤以降、生命保険会社の経営悪化が相次いで表面化した。このため政府は1995年(平成7)に保険業法を改正し、相互会社から株式会社への転換を認めるようになった。これにより相互会社であった大同(だいどう)生命保険(2002年)、太陽生命保険(2003年)、三井生命保険(2004年)、第一生命保険(2010年)などが株式会社に転換し、経営統合や株式上場を果たしている。 なお、広義には、社員とサービス受益者(顧客)が一致する経営形態を相互会社という。日本の相互会社方式をとる保険会社のほか、社員から貯蓄を集めて社員に貸し出すアメリカの相互貯蓄銀行などがこれに該当する。 [矢野 武] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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