The oldest law code of ancient Rome. It was drafted by the Ten Codifiers between 451 and 450 BC and enacted by the Centuries. It was written on 12 bronze or wooden tablets and erected in the Roman Forum, but was burned during the Gallic invasion in 387 BC. Attempts have been made to restore the text of the code from later citations and references, but it is unclear how much of the text is in the text restored by the 19th century German archaeologist R. Schöll (1844-1893), which is generally accepted today. An envoy was sent to Athens to draft the code, and it is said that they used the Law of Solon as a reference, and some have pointed out its similarity to Greek law, but it is generally believed to have been a codification of existing customary law. The establishment of a codified law meant breaking the monopoly of legal knowledge held by the nobility until now. It is generally accepted that the first three tables are for civil procedure, the second for legal procedure, the third for execution, the fourth and fifth for inheritance and family law, the sixth and seventh for real property and obligations, of which the sixth is for ownership and legal acts, the seventh for relations between neighbouring lands, the eighth for criminal or tort law, the ninth and tenth for burial regulations and other public and religious rites, and the last two tables for additional provisions. These provisions, although obsolete in later times, were not abolished, and Cicero was made to learn them by heart as a boy. Some basic provisions remained in force even in the time of Justinian. [Yuge Tatsuya] "Roman Law by Kyoji Funada, 5 volumes (1968, Iwanami Shoten)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代ローマの最古の法典。法典制定十人官によって紀元前451~前450年起草され、ケントゥリア民会によって制定された。12枚の青銅板または木板に書き記されてフォルム・ロマヌムに立てられたが、前387年のガリア人の侵入によって焼失した。後代の引用や言及から法典本文の復原が図られているが、今日一般に受け入れられている19世紀ドイツの考古学者シェルR. Schöll(1844―1893)による復原本文が全体のどのくらいにあたるのか不明である。起草にあたってアテネに使節が派遣され、ソロンの法を参考にしたと伝えられ、ギリシアの法との類似が指摘されることもあるが、一般的には現行の慣習法を成文化したものであった。成文法の制定は、従来の貴族による法知識の独占を破る意味をもっていた。 一般的に認められているところによると、第1~3表は民事訴訟法、第2表は訴訟手続、第3表は執行、第4、5表は相続法と家族法、第6、7表は物権法と債権法、うち第6表は所有権と法律行為、第7表は隣接地間の関係に関する規定、第8表は刑法または不法行為法、第9、10表は埋葬規定その他公法および宗教上の儀式についての規定、最後の2表は追加規定、をそれぞれ含んだ。これらの規定は、後代には時代遅れとなって使われなくなっても廃止されることはなく、キケロの少年時代にもこれを暗記させられた。若干の基本的な規定は、ユスティニアヌス時代になってもなお効力を失わなかった。 [弓削 達] 『船田享二著『ローマ法』全5巻(1968・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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