Among the devices that measure radioactivity, this is an instrument for measuring the absorbed dose (SI unit is gray Gy), which indicates the degree of radiation exposure, or the exposure dose. The absorbed dose is expressed as the energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated material (joules per kilogram), but when expressing the degree of the effect on the human body, it is expressed as the dose equivalent (SI unit is sievert Sv). The dose equivalent is a value that takes into account the risk factors for each type of radiation, such as α (alpha) rays, β (beta) rays, γ (gamma) rays, X-rays, and neutron rays, and the dimensionless coefficients used for this purpose are determined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The basic principle of a dosimeter is to measure the amount of charge generated in air or water by radiation, and various types are used depending on the purpose, target, and required accuracy of the measurement. Dosimeters used for environmental monitoring and radiation exposure monitoring are inspected according to the law. [Mitsui Kiyoto] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
放射能を測る装置のうち、放射線照射の度合いを表す吸収線量(国際単位系=SI単位はグレイGy)または照射線量を測定するための計器。吸収線量は、照射された物質の単位質量に吸収されるエネルギー(ジュール毎キログラム)で表されるが、人体に対する影響の度合いを示す場合には、線量当量(SI単位はシーベルトSv)で表される。線量当量は、α(アルファ)線、β(ベータ)線、γ(ガンマ)線、X線、中性子線などの放射線の種類ごとに危険度因子を加味したものであり、そのために用いる無次元の係数は国際放射線防護委員会によって決められている。線量計の原理は、放射線によって空気や水などの中に生じた電荷の量を測定するものが基本であり、測定の目的、対象、必要精度などに応じていろいろな種類が用いられる。環境監視や被曝(ひばく)監視に用いる線量計に対しては法律に基づく検定が行われている。 [三井清人] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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