Matsutake (Matsutake) - Tricholoma matsutake

Japanese: マツタケ(松茸) - マツタケ（英語表記）Tricholoma matsutake

Basidiomycete, order Acarinales, family Tricholomataceae. Usually grows in autumn at the base of pine trees in red pine forests. However, detailed investigations have shown that it grows in forests of Tsuga, Abies veitchii, Japanese black pine, Siberian spruce, and occasionally Abies sachalinensis, sometimes during the rainy season. This fungus is a mycorrhizal fungus, and its main body lives underground as an ectomycorrhizal root on the roots of pine trees and other trees. As it grows, the mycelium becomes organized, and a sclerotium, commonly called "shiro," is formed, from which the fruiting body begins to grow. The cap of the fruiting body is initially spherical, gradually opening up to become rounded and flattened, but the center is slightly higher at the end. Its diameter is 8-20 cm, and can reach a maximum of 30 cm. The surface is covered with dry, fibrous scales, with rounded edges and fluff. It is pale yellowish brown or chestnut brown in color. The underside is initially covered with a fluffy membrane, which breaks as the cap grows, revealing well-developed white folds. The stalk is 1.5-3 cm in diameter and 10-20 cm in height. There is a residual fluffy brim at the top. This is one end of the fluffy membrane that was connected to the edge of the cap when it was young. The lower part has brown fibrous lodicules like the cap. The spore print is white. It has been enjoyed as an edible mushroom with a rich aroma since ancient times, and is one of the most important mushrooms economically. However, since it is a mycorrhizal fungus, cultivation requires management of the pine forest itself, making it very difficult. It is distributed throughout Japan. It is said that similar species include T. colossum , T. robustum , and T. caligatum , which is found in Europe, but taxonomic research has yet to be done.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

担子菌類マツタケ目シメジタケ科。普通は秋にアカマツ林のマツの根もとに生じる。しかし，詳細な調査によればツガ，シラビソ，クロマツ，エゾマツ，まれにはトドマツの林にも発生し，時期も梅雨期の場合もある。この菌は菌根菌で，その本体はマツなどの根に外生菌根として地下生活しており，生長して菌糸の組織化が起って，俗に「しろ」と称する菌核が形成されると，そこから子実体が発生するようになる。子実体の傘は，初め球形，次第に開いて丸山形から扁平になるが，中央は最後までやや高くなっている。その直径は8～20cm，最大 30cmに及ぶ。表面は乾いて繊維状の鱗被におおわれ，縁は丸みをもち綿毛を残す。淡黄褐色またはくり褐色をしている。裏面は初め綿毛状の膜でおおわれており，傘が伸びてこれが切れると，よく発達した白色のひだが現れる。柄の直径は 1.5～3cm，高さは 10～20cm。上部に残存性の綿毛状の鍔 (つば) がある。これは若いときには傘の縁とつながっていた綿毛状の膜の一端である。下部は傘と同様に褐色繊維質の鱗被をもっている。胞子紋は白色。古来香り高い食用キノコとして喜ばれ，経済的にも最も重要視されているキノコである。しかし菌根菌であるので栽培にはマツ林そのものの管理をしなければならないので非常にむずかしい。日本全土に分布する。近似種にはサマツ T. colossum，マツタケモドキ T. robustum，ヨーロッパ産のマツタケ T. caligatumなどがあるとされているが，分類学的な研究はまだ残されたものがある。

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