Emerson - Ralph Waldo Emerson

Japanese: エマソン - えまそん(英語表記)Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson - Ralph Waldo Emerson

American thinker and poet. Born in Boston to a pastor on May 25th. Entered Harvard University in 1817 and went on to graduate school at the School of Divinity. His diary from that time reveals his true reason for choosing the priesthood as his career path. "The highest reasoning in sacred matters is the product of a kind of moral imagination , rather than the product of a Locke or Hume reasoning machine.... I aspire to the infinite and vast, with Cicero." Thus, the origin of Emerson's thought lies in "aspiration" to transcendence through imagination, rather than the certainty of reasoning through reason. He became pastor of the Second Church of Boston in 1829, but thought of resigning just three years later, probably because he felt that the observance of various customs that come with daily work was an obstacle to his entry into the "infinite and vast" world.

Emerson's first trip to Europe, which took place from the end of 1832 to the fall of 1833, was also the start of his journey as a thinker. In particular, when he stopped by the Botanical Garden in Paris, he looked at the wide variety of living things lined up in the specimen room and realized that "no matter how hideous, savage, or beautiful the form, there is no form that is not an expression of some attribute inherent in the human being who looks at it" (Diary). The diversity within humans is "expressed" in a concrete form, and this "mystical relationship" between the inside and the outside world allows the spirit that yearns for "the infinite and vast" to enter the world without any hindrance. His masterpiece, "Consideration of Nature," published in 1836, was the first theorization of this "yearning." Emerson continued to eloquently develop this idea, also known as transcendentalism, in his lectures "The American Scholar" (1837), "Lectures on the Theology Department" (1838), and "First Collection of Essays" (1841). It was also an accurate expression of the spiritual climate of America at the time, when limitless prospects for the modern nation were beginning to open up. Thinkers and writers who believed in the limitlessness and sanctity of the individual soul gathered around him, and in the fall of 1836 they formed the "Transcendental Club" and published the journal "Dial" (1840-1844). They also founded an idealistic farm, "Brook Farm" (1841-1847), although Emerson himself did not participate, and worked to spread and practice their ideas. However, Emerson's ideas gradually inclined towards realism from around the time of "Essays II" (1844), and in particular in the essay "Fate" (1853), he clearly attempted self-correction, saying, "I once believed that positive forces were everything. I now see that negative forces, or circumstances, are the other half." Emerson's balanced ideas of the latter half of his life came to fruition in "Representative Persons" (1850) and "The English National Character" (1856), and he ended his fulfilling life on April 27, 1882, just before his 79th birthday, having earned the public respect as the "Philosopher of Concord."

[Masayuki Sakamoto October 20, 2015]

"Emerson's Papers, translated by Masayuki Sakamoto, 2 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)""Emerson, by Hikaru Saito (1957, Kenkyusha Publishing)"

[References] | American scholar | Naturalism | Transcendentalism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの思想家、詩人。5月25日、ボストンの牧師の家に生まれる。1817年ハーバード大学に入学、さらに神学部大学院に進む。当時の日記から、彼が聖職を自分の進路に選んだ真意がわかる。「聖なる問題に関する最高級の推論は、ロックやヒュームのような推論機械の所産というより、むしろ一種の道徳的想像力の成果だ。……わたしはキケロとともに〈無限にして広大なるもの〉を熱望する」。このように理知による推論の確実さよりも、想像力による超越を「熱望する」ことに、エマソン思想の原点はある。彼が1829年にボストン第二教会の牧師になりながら、早くも3年後に辞職を思い立つのも、日常の職務につきもののさまざまなしきたりの遵守が、「無限にして広大な」世界への参入の妨げと思えたからだろう。

 1832年の暮れから翌1833年秋までの初めてのヨーロッパ旅行は、思想家としてのエマソンの旅立ちでもあった。とくにパリの植物園に立ち寄ったとき、標本室に整然と並ぶ多種多様な生物たちを一望して、「どんなに醜怪、野蛮、あるいは美しい形態でも、それを眺める人間に内在する何かの属性の表現でないものは一つもない」(日記)と悟る。人間内部の多様さがそこにそっくり具象的な形で「表現」されているというわけだが、内部と外界とのこの「神秘的な関係」は、「無限にして広大なるもの」を熱望する精神が、いささかも妨げられずに世界に参入することを可能にする。1836年に世に出た代表作『自然論』は、この「熱望」の最初の理論化だった。超絶主義(超越主義、トランセンデンタリズム)ともよばれるこの思想を、エマソンは講演『アメリカの学者』(1837)と『神学部講演』(1838)、さらに『エッセイ第一集』(1841)で雄弁に展開し続けた。それは、近代国家に向けて限りない展望が開け始めた当時のアメリカの、精神風土の正確な表現でもあった。彼の周りには、個人の魂の限りなさ、神聖さを信じる思想家や文人が集まり、1836年秋には「超絶主義の会(トランセンデンタル・クラブ)」をつくって、機関誌『ダイアル』(1840~1844)を発行し、あるいはエマソン自身は不参加だったが、理想主義農場「ブルック・ファーム」(1841~1847)をつくって、思想の普及と実践に努めた。しかしエマソンの思想は『エッセイ第二集』(1844)のころから徐々に現実主義への傾斜を強め、とくにエッセイ『運命』(1853)では、「かつては積極的な力こそすべてと思い込んでいた。いまでは消極的な力、つまり状況が、残りの半分だとわかっている」と、明らかに自己修正を試みている。エマソンは、このような後半生の、いわば均衡のとれた思想を『代表的人物』(1850)や『イギリス国民性』(1856)に結実させ、「コンコードの哲人」として世間の尊敬を集めつつ、79歳の誕生日を目前にした1882年4月27日に、その充実した生涯の幕を閉じた。

[酒本雅之 2015年10月20日]

『酒本雅之訳『エマソン論文集』全2冊(岩波文庫)』『斎藤光著『エマソン』(1957・研究社出版)』

[参照項目] | アメリカの学者 | 自然論 | 超絶主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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