Tales of the Thousand and One Nights - Tales of the Thousand and One Nights (English) Alf laila wa laila

Japanese: 千夜一夜物語 - せんやいちやものがたり(英語表記)Alf laila wa laila
Tales of the Thousand and One Nights - Tales of the Thousand and One Nights (English) Alf laila wa laila

The literal translation of the Arabic collection of stories "Alf Layla wa Layla" is "The Thousand and One Nights", and the correct translation is "One Thousand and One Nights (Tales)". In Japan, it is also called "Arabian Nights" in English.

[Yajima Fumio]

Content and Establishment

There are several original sources for this collection of stories, each with a slightly different content, but each one has a frame story, and the whole collection is divided into 1001 nights, hence the title. The protagonists of the frame story are Shahryar, the Persian king, and Scheherazade, the clever daughter of his minister. After King Shahryar found out about his wife's infidelity, he had a woman brought to him every day, and after spending the night with her, he had her killed the next day. When Scheherazade's turn came, she told the king a mysterious tale, and as dawn broke, she told him if he wanted to hear more, she would tell him the next night. They continued telling one story after another for nearly three years. During this time, Scheherazade became pregnant with the king's child, and the king's anger subsided, and he stopped killing women.

Within these frame stories, there are about 180 main stories of various lengths (as well as several dozen side stories). The stories are of ancient Indian, Persian and Greek origin, and later Arabic stories have been added, and the types of stories are extremely diverse, including fantasy stories, love stories, fables, legends and short stories. It has long been argued that this collection of stories is originally related to the medieval Persian "Thousand Tales" (Khazar al-Afsana). In the 10th century Arabian writer Masudi's "Golden Pastures" and in the bibliography "Al-Fihrist" by Ibn al-Nadim, which was written around the same time, it is said that the Persian "Thousand Tales" was translated into Arabic and called "Tales of the Thousand Nights," and it is believed that the oldest part of this collection of stories was created around this time. Later, stories were added to it, such as those of the caliphs, nobles, and merchants of various cities centered around Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate, stories of souvenirs brought by voyagers based in Persian Gulf ports, stories set in Cairo and Alexandria in Egypt, and stories from the Crusader period, and it is thought that the work was completed around the 15th century.

[Yajima Fumio]

Translation and influence

The collection gained worldwide recognition when French Orientalist Antoine Galland (1646-1715) translated it from a 15th-century manuscript into French and published the 12-volume Mille et Une Nuit (One Thousand and One Nights) between 1703 and 1713. He also included stories narrated by a Syrian woman, Hannah, including the well-known Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp. Galland's translation was enthusiastically received in the West, and inspired other translations in various languages. Later, the Arabic original was published in the Habicht (1825-1843) and MacNaughten (1839-1842) versions, which led to the production of over a dozen translations into various languages. The main translations include the English translation by Lane (1838-1840), the English translation by Payne (1882-1884), the English translation by Burton (1885-1888), the German translation by Henning (1895-1897), and the French translation by Maldrus (1899-1904).In Japan, there is the original translation by Maejima Shinji and Ikeda Osamu (1966-1992), as well as the Lane, Burton, and Maldrus versions.

In addition to the aforementioned stories with Ali Baba and Aladdin as main characters, the story of Sinbad the Sailor is also familiar to children, but this story was originally intended for adults, and it is well known that it depicts relationships between men and women quite freely. On the other hand, the Eastern fantasy of this collection of stories has inspired many artists. Beardsley, Dulac, and U-Shin competed with each other in prints and illustrations, and it influenced the paintings of Delacroix and Gustave Moreau, and the music of Rimsky-Korsakov and Stravinsky, and many films have been made based on this story.

[Yajima Fumio]

"Arabian Nights 1-12, translated by Maejima Shinji (1966-1981, Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)""Arabian Nights 13-14, translated by Ikeda Osamu (1985, 1986, Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)""Burton's One Thousand and One Nights, eight volumes, translated by Ohba Masashi (1966-1967, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "The Complete One Thousand and One Nights, translated by Toyoshima Yoshio et al. (Maldrus edition), 13 volumes (1982-1983, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Aladdin and the Magic Lamp | Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves | The Story of Sinbad the Sailor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アラビア語で書かれた物語集成『アルフ・ライラ・ワ・ライラ』を直訳したのが『千夜一夜』で、正しくは『千一夜(物語)』。日本では英語式に『アラビアン・ナイト』Arabian Nightsともいわれる。

[矢島文夫]

内容と成立

この物語集成の原典は内容を多少異にするものがいくつかあるが、いずれにも枠物語があり、また全体を1001の夜に分けているところからこの題名が出ている。枠物語の主人公はペルシアの王シャフリヤールと、大臣の賢い娘シェヘラザードである。妻の不貞を知ったシャフリヤール王は、毎日女を連れてこさせ、一夜をともにしてから翌日これを殺させた。シェヘラザードにその順番が回ってきたとき、彼女は王に世にも不思議な話を聴かせ、夜が明けるころになると、続きを聴きたければ明晩話しましょうと王に告げ、次々に話を続けて3年近くが過ぎた。この間にシェヘラザードは王の子を宿し、王の怒りも解けて、女たちを殺すことはなくなったというのである。

 こうした枠物語のなかに、おもなもので180ほどの長短の物語(ほかに支話が数十)がはめ込まれている。古いインド・ペルシア・ギリシア起源の物語に、後代のアラビアの物語が加えられ、その種類も幻想的な物語、恋愛物語、寓話(ぐうわ)、伝説、小話(こばなし)など、きわめて多様である。この物語集成の原型としては、中世ペルシアの『千物語』(ハザール・アフサーナ)との関係が古くから論じられている。10世紀のアラビアの著述家マスウーディーの『黄金の牧場』およびほぼ同時代のイブン・アン・ナディームの図書目録『アル・フィフリスト』中に、ペルシアの『千物語』がアラビア語に訳されて『千夜物語』とよばれたとあるからで、このころにこの物語集成の最古の部分ができあがったと思われる。そののち、これにアッバース朝下のバグダードを中心とする諸都市のカリフ(教主)・貴人・商人らの物語、ペルシア湾海港を基点とする航海者の外国土産(みやげ)の物語、さらにエジプトのカイロやアレクサンドリアを舞台とする物語、十字軍時代の物語などが次々に付け加えられ、15世紀ころに完成したと考えられる。

[矢島文夫]

翻訳と影響

この物語集成が世界的に知られるようになったのは、フランスのオリエント学者アントアーヌ・ガランAntoine Galland(1646―1715)がこれを15世紀の写本からフランス語に翻訳し、1703~1713年に全12巻の『ミル・エ・ユンヌ・ニュイ』Mille et Une Nuit(千一夜)を刊行してからのことであった。彼はまたシリア人女性ハンナから聞き書きした物語もこれに入れたが、ここにはよく知られている『アリ・ババと四十人の盗賊』および『アラジンと不思議なランプ』が含まれている。ガランのこの翻訳は欧米で熱狂的に迎えられ、ここから各国語版がつくられた。こののちハビヒト版(1825~1843)、マックノーテン版(1839~1842)などのアラビア語原典が刊行され、これらから十数種に上る各国語への原典訳がつくられた。おもなものにレーン英訳(1838~1840)、ペイン英訳(1882~1884)、バートン英訳(1885~1888)、ヘニング独訳(1895~1897)、マルドリュス仏訳(1899~1904)などがあり、日本では前嶋信次(まえじましんじ)・池田修による原典訳(1966~1992)のほか、レーン版、バートン版、マルドリュス版の翻訳がある。

 前記のアリ・ババ、アラジンを主人公とするもののほか、船乗りシンドバッドの話も子供たちにおなじみだが、この物語は本来は大人向けのものであり、男女関係がかなり自由に描写されていることはよく知られている。他方、この物語集成の東方的ファンタジーは多くの芸術家を刺激した。ビアズリー、デュラック、ウーシンらが版画、イラストなどに腕を競い、ドラクロワやギュスターブ・モローらの絵画、リムスキー・コルサコフやストラビンスキーらの音楽に影響を及ぼし、この物語を扱った映画もたびたび制作されている。

[矢島文夫]

『前嶋信次訳『アラビアン・ナイト1~12』(1966~1981・平凡社・東洋文庫)』『池田修訳『アラビアン・ナイト13・14』(1985、1986・平凡社・東洋文庫)』『大場正史訳『バートン版千夜一夜物語』全八巻(1966~1967・河出書房新社)』『豊島与志雄他訳(マルドリュス版)『完訳 千一夜物語』全13冊(1982~1983・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | アラジンと魔法のランプ | アリ・ババと四十人の盗賊 | 船乗りシンドバッドの話

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