Landscape photography - landscape photography

Japanese: 風景写真 - ふうけいしゃしん(英語表記)landscape photography
Landscape photography - landscape photography

A field of photographic expression that focuses on landscapes. It developed early on in history as a major theme in the art of photography. It mainly refers to descriptive depictions of the scenic beauty of the natural world, rural landscapes, and scenic spots, but there are also landscape photographs that focus on the man-made landscapes of cities and urban areas.

[Osamu Hiraki]

history

If we trace the history of landscape photography, we can also say that "View from the Study," taken in 1826 by French photographer Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce using heliography, the original form of photography, is a landscape photograph. The first urban landscape was "Boulevard de la Thambre" (1839), taken by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, inventor of practical photography, using a daguerreotype. In Japan, the oldest photograph is "View of Nagasaki," taken from Mount Kazagashira by Ueno Hikoma, thought to have been taken in the early Meiji period. The landscape photographs taken by Tamoto Kenzo and others to record the development of Hokkaido, which began in 1871 (Meiji 4), are documentary photographs, but are beautifully done.

Among the leading landscape photographers of the 19th century are the Frenchman Charles Marville (1816-1879), who recorded Paris during its period of great renovation; the Englishman Peter Henry Emerson (1856-1936), who was influenced by the spirit of the Barbizon School; Timothy H. O'Sullivan (1840-1882), who joined the survey team for the development of the American West after the Civil War; the American William Henry Jackson (1843-1942), who discovered the Indian ruins in New Mexico, and Carleton Emmons Watkins (1829-1916), who recorded Yosemite Valley in the west. This period also saw the emergence of a number of travel photographers, including the Frenchman Maxime Du Camp (1822-1894), who traveled to Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine for three years from 1849, and the British photographer Samuel Bourne (1834-1912), who recorded the Himalayan mountain range three times from 1863.

As for landscape photographers of the 20th century, American photographer Ansel Adams won worldwide acclaim for his majestic yet delicate depictions of landscapes, while Edward Weston added a new dimension to this field with his dynamic aesthetics of form. In Japan, landscape photography with an artistic orientation became popular at the end of the Taisho period and reached its peak in the early Showa period. Representative photographers include Fukuhara Shinzo, who published Light and Its Harmony (1923), which described photography as an art of the moment, and Yasui Nakaji, who opened up new horizons in the symbolic landscapes of modern cities from a social perspective. After the Second World War, other notable names include Irie Taikichi, who gained fame as a photographer of the Yamato region, and Midorikawa Yoichi (1915-2001), who praised the beauty of the Seto Inland Sea with his brilliant technique.

[Osamu Hiraki]

present day

Contemporary landscape photography has become more diverse, with new aspects that are different from traditional photography. In particular, the new concept of landscape photography, "new topographics," which was proposed in the United States in the 1980s, asks how human activity and the consciousness that supports it relate to landscapes and scenery, and Lewis Baltz (1945-) and Robert Adams (1937-) are representative photographers of this concept.

Representative photographers of contemporary Japanese landscape photography include Maeda Shinzo (1922-98), who continued to photograph the hills of Hokkaido, and Takeuchi Toshinobu (1943- ), who specializes in traditional nature observation works. However, other unique landscape photographers who have gained international acclaim include Shibata Toshio (1949- ), who captures the strange beauty created by man-made structures within the natural landscape, Matsue Taiji (1963- ), who painstakingly depicts desolate wilderness and wastelands around the world, and Kanemura Osamu (1964- ), who captures the passionate landscape photographs of the darkness and chaos of cities.

[Osamu Hiraki]

"World Photography Collection 8: Nature and Country" with commentary by D. Brown (1984, Shueisha)""Japanese Photography Collection 7: Urban Scenes" edited by Shigemori Koen (1987, Shogakukan)""Japanese Photography Collection 8: Nature and Landscape" edited by Shigemori Koen and Tanaka Masao (1987, Shogakukan)""Shibata Toshio's Photographs: Typical Japan" (1992, Asahi Shimbun)""Takeuchi Toshinobu's Cherry Blossom Calendar - Takeuchi Toshinobu Photograph Collection" (1999, Shuppan Geijutsusha)""Maeda Shinzo's Photographs: Maeda Shinzo Photography Museum, 8 volumes (1999, Kodansha)""Takeuchi Toshinobu's Text and Photographs: Takeuchi Toshinobu's Introduction to Landscape Photography" (2002, Shogakukan)"

[References] | Adams | Taikichi Irie | Weston | Photography | Kenzo Tamoto | Shinzo Fukuhara | Nakaji Yasui

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

風景を主題とする写真表現の一分野。写真芸術の主要なテーマとして、歴史的にも早くから発達した。おもに自然界や田園風景、景勝地などの景観美を叙景的に描写したものをいうが、都市や市街地の人工的な景観を主題とした風景写真もある。

[平木 収]

歴史

風景写真の歴史をたどれば、フランスの写真発明者ジョセフ・ニセフォール・ニエプスが、写真術の原形ヘリオグラフィによって1826年に撮影した『書斎からの眺め』も風景写真といえよう。また都市の風景としては実用的な写真術の考案者ルイ・ジャック・マンデ・ダゲールが、ダゲレオタイプで撮影したパリ『タンブル大通り』(1839)が最初である。また日本では、上野彦馬(ひこま)の明治初期の撮影と思われる風頭山(かざがしらやま)からの『長崎風景』がもっとも古い。また田本研造(たもとけんぞう)らによる1871年(明治4)に始まった北海道開拓記録の風景写真は、ドキュメンタリー写真ではあるが、みごとなできばえである。

 19世紀を代表する風景写真家のなかでは、パリ大改造期の姿を記録したフランスのシャルル・マルビルCharles Marville(1816―79)、バルビゾン派の精神に傾倒したイギリスのピーター・ヘンリー・エマーソンPeter Henry Emerson(1856―1936)、南北戦争後のアメリカ西部開拓の調査団に加わったティモシー・オサリバンTimothy H. O'Sullivan(1840―82)、ニュー・メキシコのインディオ廃墟(はいきょ)を発見したアメリカのウィリアム・ヘンリー・ジャクソンWilliam Henry Jackson(1843―1942)や西部ヨセミテ渓谷を記録したカールトン・エモンズ・ワトキンスCarleton Emmons Watkins(1829―1916)らがいる。またこの時代は旅行写真家が輩出し、1849年から3年にわたりエジプト、ヌビア、パレスチナを旅したフランスのマキシム・デュ・カンMaxime Du Camp(1822―94)、1863年から3回ヒマラヤ山系を記録したイギリスのサミュエル・ボーンSamuel Bourne(1834―1912)が注目される。

 20世紀の風景写真家としては、アメリカのアンセル・アダムズが雄大かつ繊細な景観描写で世界的な人気を博し、また同じくエドワード・ウェストンはダイナミックな造形美学で、この分野に新たな次元を打ち立てた。日本では芸術写真を志向した風景写真が大正時代末から盛んになり、昭和初期に円熟期を迎える。とりわけ、写真を刹那(せつな)の芸術として『光と其諧調(そのかいちょう)』(1923)を発表した福原信三(しんぞう)や、社会的な視点から近代都市の象徴的な風景に新境地を開いた安井仲治(なかじ)が代表的である。第二次世界大戦後では、大和(やまと)路の写真家として名声をはせた入江泰吉(いりえたいきち)や、華麗な技巧で瀬戸内海の美しさを賛美した緑川洋一(みどりかわよういち)(1915―2001)らの名をあげることができよう。

[平木 収]

現代

現代の風景写真は、従来のそれとは異なった、新たな側面が加わり、より多様なものとなっている。とりわけ1980年代のアメリカで提唱された新たな風景写真の概念「ニュー・トポグラフィックス」new topographics(「新・地勢学」の意)は、人間活動やそれを支える意識が、風景、景観とどのようなかかわりをもっているのかを問うものであり、ルイス・ボルツLewis Baltz(1945― )やロバート・アダムズRobert Adams(1937― )らがその代表的な写真家である。

 日本の現代風景写真は、北海道の丘陵を撮り続けた前田真三(しんぞう)(1922―98)、伝統的な自然観照の作品を得意とする竹内敏信(としのぶ)(1943― )らが代表的な写真家だが、異色の風景写真家として、自然景観のなかの人為的構造物が描き出す奇妙な美をとらえた柴田敏雄(しばたとしお)(1949― )、世界中の荒涼たる原野や荒地を丹念に描写する松江泰治(たいじ)(1963― )、都市の闇(やみ)や混沌(こんとん)を熱い風景写真にする金村修(かねむらおさむ)(1964― )らが、国際的な評価を得ている。

[平木 収]

『D・ブラウン解説『世界写真全集8 ネイチャー&カントリー』(1984・集英社)』『重森弘淹編『日本写真全集7 都市の光景』(1987・小学館)』『重森弘淹・田中雅夫編『日本写真全集8 自然と風景』(1987・小学館)』『柴田敏雄写真『日本典型』(1992・朝日新聞社)』『竹内敏信著『桜暦――竹内敏信写真集』(1999・出版芸術社)』『前田真三写真『前田真三写真美術館』全8巻(1999・講談社)』『竹内敏信文・写真『竹内敏信の風景写真入門』(2002・小学館)』

[参照項目] | アダムズ | 入江泰吉 | ウェストン | 写真 | 田本研造 | 福原信三 | 安井仲治

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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