Congenital metabolic disorders

Japanese: 先天性代謝異常 - せんてんせいたいしゃいじょう
Congenital metabolic disorders

It is a hereditary disease caused by congenital abnormalities in enzymes (or proteins). Enzymes have a major impact on the metabolism that occurs in the body and are controlled by genes, so it is also called a genetic disease.

Enzymes are further involved in the production, decomposition, absorption, and excretion of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, nucleic acids, etc., and there are a great many types of enzymes. Therefore, abnormalities in each enzyme cause related metabolic abnormalities, resulting in a large number of congenital metabolic disorders. With advances in biochemistry, many previously unknown metabolic abnormalities have been elucidated. There are approximately 70 types of amino acid metabolic abnormalities alone.

Symptoms include special symptoms such as a distinctive facial appearance or abnormal hair, but in general, there are many common symptoms such as growth retardation, intellectual disability, convulsions, vomiting, etc., and it is difficult to diagnose immediately from the symptoms. There are various testing methods, from relatively simple to highly accurate, but if you are suspicious, you should not hesitate to get tested.

There are many types of congenital metabolic disorders, and even if they are diagnosed, most of them are incurable. Therefore, they are included in the intractable diseases of childhood. However, some diseases can be stopped from progressing by nutritional therapy or special drugs if they are discovered early, so early diagnosis before the onset of the disease is becoming important. For this reason, mass screening of newborns for six types of congenital metabolic disorders (phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, cretinism, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia) is currently being carried out and has been proven effective. This method involves pricking the soles of newborns' feet with a lancet and collecting two or three drops of blood on a filter paper, and the blood on the filter paper can be used to screen for several types of congenital metabolic disorders.

[Yamaguchi Noriko]

[Reference] | Genetic diseases | Genetic diseases

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

酵素(あるいはタンパク質)が先天的に異常を生じておこる遺伝性疾患で、酵素は生体内でおこる物質代謝に大きな影響をもち、遺伝子によって支配されているので、遺伝子疾患ともよばれる。

 酵素はさらに糖質、脂質、アミノ酸、ムコ多糖、糖タンパク、核酸などの産生、分解、吸収、排泄(はいせつ)に関連し、その種類も非常に多い。したがって、それぞれの酵素異常がそれに関連する代謝異常を引き起こし、数多くの先天性代謝異常を発生させるわけである。生化学の進歩に伴い、従来不明であった代謝異常が解明されてきた部分が非常に多い。アミノ酸の代謝異常だけでも約70種にも及ぶ。

 症状としては、特徴のある顔つきや毛髪の異常など、特別な症状もあるが、一般には発育障害、知能障害、けいれん、嘔吐(おうと)など、ありふれたものが多く、症状からすぐに診断することは困難である。検査法としては、比較的簡単なものから精度の高いものまであるが、疑わしい場合は迷わず検査すべきである。

 先天性代謝異常は種類も多く、いったん診断されてもほとんどが治療不可能な場合が多い。したがって、小児難病に含まれている。しかし、なかには、早期に発見すれば栄養治療や特殊な薬剤によって病状の進行を止めることができる疾患もあり、発症前の早期診断が重要視されてきている。このため現在では、新生児について6種類の先天性代謝異常(フェニルケトン尿症、ガラクトース血症、メープルシロップ尿症、ホモシスチン尿症、クレチン症、先天性副腎過形成症)のマス・スクリーニングが行われており、実績をあげている。これは、新生児の足の裏をランセットで刺し、2、3滴の血液を濾紙(ろし)上に採取して検査する方法で、一枚の濾紙上の血液から何種類かの先天性代謝異常をスクリーニングすることができる。

[山口規容子]

[参照項目] | 遺伝子疾患 | 遺伝病

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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