The idea that the properties of the whole (→wholeness) exceed the sum of its parts. Also called holism. The term was coined in 1926 by South African politician Jan C. Smuts. It is a concept that opposes reductionism in biology, and many biologists focus on wholeness. Holism has often been viewed in relation to vitalism, such as the concept of entelechy (→entelecheia) in embryology by German biologist Hans A.E. Driesch in the early 20th century, but the observation that "relationships" between parts cannot occur unless multiple parts come together is valid regardless of vitalism. Organismism is sometimes considered to be similar to holism, as it focuses on the fact that living organisms are systems with complex relationships. Holists from the same era as Smuts include the British geneticist John Scott Haldane and the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
全体の示す性質(→全体性)は部分の総和をこえるという考え。ホーリズムともいう。1926年に南アフリカ共和国の政治家ヤン・C.スマッツが造語した。生物学において還元主義と対立する概念であり,全体性への注目は多くの生物学者にみられる。20世紀初頭のドイツの生物学者ハンス・A.E.ドリーシュの発生学におけるエンテレキーの概念(→エンテレケイア)など,全体論はしばしば生気論との関連で眺められたが,部分間の「関係」は部分が複数個集まらなければ生じえないという指摘は,生気論と無関係に妥当である。有機体論は,生物体が複雑な関係をもち合った一個の系であることに注目するので,全体論と同類視されることもある。スマッツと同時代の全体論者には,イギリスの遺伝学者ジョン・スコット・ホールデーン,フランスの社会学者エミール・デュルケムなどがいる。
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