A bacterium belonging to the Bacillaceae family that causes botulinum food poisoning. It is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium with blunt ends, measuring 4-6 x 0.9-1.2 micrometers (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter). It forms oval spores at the end of the cell. It is obligately anaerobic, has periflagellates, and moves actively. It grows at temperatures between 20 and 37°C, and has a pH of 6 to 8. The spores are heat-resistant and produce exotoxins under anaerobic conditions. These toxins cause food poisoning. It grows on nutrient agar (a culture medium for general bacteria), but sufficient anaerobic conditions are required. The toxin is relatively sensitive to heat, and is inactivated at 80°C for 30 minutes. The distribution of Clostridium botulinum in nature varies from region to region. Furthermore, much remains unknown about the bacterial types and distribution, but they are generally classified into types A through G according to the antigenicity of the toxin they produce. (1) Type A: Found in vegetables, fruits, and meat. (2) Type B: Found in meat, feed, etc. (3) Type C α : Found in lake plankton. (4) Type C β : Found in fodder, animal carcasses, and whale meat. (5) Type D: Found in animal carcasses. (6) Type E: Found in fish, shellfish, and marine mammals. (7) Type F: Found in meat. (8) Type G: Found in soil. In Japan, the C β type bacteria, which cause poisoning in cattle and horses, and the E type bacteria, which cause poisoning in humans, are widely distributed. In particular, the E type bacteria have been found in the soil of the coastal areas of Hokkaido and the Tohoku region, as well as in the mud of rivers and lakes. [Masami Soneda] "Food Toxic Microorganisms" edited by the Comprehensive Food Safety Encyclopedia Editorial Committee (1997, Industrial Research Institute, published by Industrial Research Institute Publishing) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
バチルス科の1属の細菌で、ボツリヌス菌食中毒をおこす。グラム陽性、両端鈍円の桿菌(かんきん)で、大きさは4~6×0.9~1.2マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)。細胞の末端部に卵円形の胞子を形成する。偏性嫌気性で、周鞭毛(べんもう)をもち、活発な運動を行う。生育温度は20~37℃、水素イオン濃度指数(pH)は6~8である。胞子は耐熱性で、嫌気的条件で菌体外毒素を生産する。この毒素によって食中毒が引き起こされる。培養は、普通寒天(一般細菌用培養基)で生育するが、十分な嫌気的条件が必要である。毒素は熱に比較的弱く、80℃、30分で失活する。 ボツリヌス菌の自然界での分布は地域によって差異がみられる。また、菌型と分布に関しても、まだ不明の点が多いが、通常は、生産する毒素の抗原性によって、A~Gの型に分類される。(1)A型菌 野菜、果物、肉類に分布。(2)B型菌 肉類、飼料などに分布。(3)Cα型菌 湖水のプランクトンに分布。(4)Cβ型菌 まぐさ、動物の死体、鯨肉に分布。(5)D型菌 動物の死体に分布。(6)E型菌 魚貝類や海生哺乳(ほにゅう)類に分布。(7)F型菌 肉類に分布。(8)G型菌 土壌に分布。 日本にはウシやウマに中毒をおこすCβ型菌とヒトに中毒をおこすE型菌の分布が多くみられる。とくにE型菌は北海道、東北地方の海岸地帯の土や河川、湖水の泥土からみいだされている。 [曽根田正己] 『総合食品安全事典編集委員会編『食中毒性微生物』(1997・産業調査会、産調出版発売)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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