Shan-shan (English spelling)

Japanese: 鄯善 - ぜんぜん（英語表記）Shan-shan

A country located southwest of Lop Nur Lake in East Turkistan (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China). It seems that the country's name was originally around Chalkilik Prefecture, and the first record of this is that in the 4th year of the Yuanfeng era (77 B.C.), the Han destroyed the Loulan Kingdom, and had one of its princes establish the capital in Miran, south of Loulan, and establish the Yixun military settlement in Chalkilik, and rule over it, renaming it the Shanshan Kingdom. At that time, Zhaonicheng was the eastern limit of Hellenistic culture, but later it was influenced by China and flourished as a key location for East-West trade in the eastern part of the Western Regions Southern Route (→North-South Route of the Western Regions). In the second half of the 3rd century, it became one of the five major states in the Tarim Basin, and in the 4th century, the capital was moved to Yixuncheng, and Zhaonicheng was called Eastern Ancient City. In the 5th century, it came under the control of the Tuyuhun and lost its independence (it was temporarily ruled by the Sui Dynasty), and by the time it came under the control of the Tibetans in the 7th century, the name Shanshan had already been lost.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

東トルキスタン（中国，シンチヤン（新疆）ウイグル（維吾爾）自治区）のロプノール（羅布泊）湖南西にあった国。本来チャルキリク県あたりの国名であったらしく，史料上は，元鳳4（前77）年，漢が楼蘭国を滅ぼし，その一王子に楼蘭南境の扞泥城（うでいじょう。→ミーラン〈米蘭〉）を国都としチャルキリクに伊循屯田（いじゅんとんでん）を開き，あわせて支配させ，鄯善国と改称させたとあるのが初見。当時扞泥城はヘレニズム文化の東限をなしていたが，以後中国の影響も入り，西域南道（→西域南北道）東部の東西交易の要地として栄え，3世紀後半にはタリム（塔里木）盆地五大国の一つとなり，4世紀には国都は伊循城に移り，扞泥城は東故城と呼ばれた。5世紀には吐谷渾の支配に服して独立を失い（一時隋が支配），7世紀にチベット人の支配に入ったときには，鄯善の称はすでに失われていた。

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