Suikyou - Suikyou

Japanese: 吹挙 - すいきょ

Also written as suikyo or fukiuso, it generally means a recommendation for an official position. In the Middle Ages in particular, it was important as a word to mean various petitions based on personal connections and acquaintances, such as intermediation, introduction, and intervening in lawsuits. The document submitted in such cases is called a kojiyo. Under the Ritsuryo system, recommendations for official positions were usually called konkyo or sōjō, but from the Heian period onwards, the word fukiyo came to be used more frequently. For example, under the new court nobility system of 1263 (the 3rd year of the Kocho era), it is said that servants of the provincial lords and ordinary people who contributed fees were recommended to the provincial governors of various provinces, and that those who paid fees as priests to the Sogo were recommended.On the other hand, a lawsuit filed by peasants in Tara-sho, Wakasa Province, against the illegality of their land stewards was heard through a petition from Toji Temple in Honjo (Toji Yuri Documents).In these ways, the wind of recommendation permeated from the center of the national system to the world of the local people and was transformed into an institutional practice.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

推挙，吹噓とも書き，一般に官職への推薦の意。とくに中世には，そのほか取次ぎ，紹介，訴訟への口入（くにゆう）など，人脈や知遇にもとづくさまざまな上申行為を意味する語として重要である。その際提出する文書を挙状（こじよう）と称する。律令制下には官職の推挙を貢挙，薦挙などというのが普通であったが，平安時代以降に吹挙の語が多くなる。例えば1263年(弘長3)の公家新制において，諸国の国司に知行国主の家僕や任料を拠出した凡卑の輩が推挙され，あるいは僧綱（そうごう）に律師の任料を納めたものが吹挙されたといわれ，また他方，若狭国太良（たら）荘の百姓の地頭非法に対する訴訟が，本所の東寺の挙状により取り次がれていた(《東寺百合文書》)ように，吹挙の風は国制の中央から在地の民衆の世界にまで浸透し，ひとつの制度的慣行にまで転化していた。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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