Celluloid

Japanese: セルロイド(英語表記)celluloid
Celluloid
The first plastic material in history, made from nitrocellulose and camphor. Developed in the 1860s and 1870s, it was used in everyday items, photographic film, and many other products as a moldable material that was resistant to water, oil, and dilute acids, could be colored, was inexpensive, durable, flexible, and moldable. The invention of celluloid is said to date back to British chemist Alexander Parkes. Parkes patented the plastic material Parksin in 1856, which was made by dissolving nitrocellulose in alcohol or wood naphtha and mixing it with plasticizers such as vegetable oil and camphor. In 1867, Parkes' partner Daniel Spill patented a material called xylonite, which was an improved version of Parksin and made it more stable. Meanwhile, in the United States, inventor and businessman John Wesley Hyatt added alcohol to solid nitrocellulose and camphor, pressurized them, and kneaded them to produce a plastic with high commercial value. It could be colored, heated to be molded freely, and cut, milled, drilled, and polished at room temperature. Hyatt obtained numerous patents after 1870, and in 1873 registered the name celluloid as a trademark. Celluloid was made into many products, such as combs, brush handles, piano keys, and eyeglass frames, and was sold as an affordable alternative to natural materials such as ivory and tortoiseshell. Eventually, celluloid became a common name. In 1882, John H. Stevens, a chemist at Celluloid Manufacturing, discovered that amyl acetate was a suitable solvent for celluloid. This discovery led to the creation of a transparent, flexible film made of celluloid, which Eastman (→Eastman Kodak) engineer Henry Reichenbach and others processed into photographic and motion picture film. Celluloid film had the disadvantages of being easily flammable and prone to fading and deterioration over time. Celluloid had problems such as being weak against heat and not being suitable for injection molding, so in the 1920s and 1930s it was replaced in many products by cellulose acetate, Bakelite, vinyl compounds, etc. By the end of the 20th century, celluloid's main use was ping-pong balls.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ニトロセルロースとショウノウ(カンファー)から生成された,史上初のプラスチック素材。1860~70年代に開発され,水や油,希酸に強く,彩色でき,安価で耐久性と柔軟性を備えた成形可能な素材として,日用品,写真フィルムほか多くの製品に使われた。セルロイドの発明はイギリスの化学者アレクサンダー・パークスまでさかのぼるといわれる。パークスが 1856年特許を取得したプラスチック素材パークシンは,ニトロセルロースをアルコールや木ナフサなどに溶き,植物油やカンファーなどの可塑剤と混合してつくられた。1867年にはパークスの共同事業者ダニエル・スピルが,パークシンを改良し安定性を高めたキシロナイトという素材の特許を取得した。一方アメリカ合衆国では,発明家,実業家のジョン・ウェスリー・ハイアットが,固形のニトロセルロースとカンファーにアルコールを加えて加圧,混練し,商品価値の高いプラスチックを製造した。彩色可能で,加熱して自在に成形でき,常温では切断,切削,穿孔,研磨などができた。ハイアットは 1870年以降,数々の特許を取得し,1873年にセルロイドの名を商標登録した。セルロイドは櫛,ブラシの柄,ピアノの鍵盤,めがねのフレームなど多くの商品に加工され,象牙,鼈甲などの天然素材に代わる手頃な価格の品として販売された。やがてセルロイドは一般名称として定着した。1882年,セルロイド・マニュファクチュアリングの化学者ジョン・H.スティーブンズが,アミルアセテートがセルロイドに適した溶剤であることを発見した。この発見を機に,セルロイドを用いた透明で柔軟なフィルムが誕生し,イーストマン(→イーストマン・コダック)の技師ヘンリー・ライヘンバッハらが,これを写真や映画のフィルムに加工した。セルロイド製フィルムは燃えやすく,時間がたつと褪色,劣化しやすいという欠点があった。セルロイドは熱に弱く射出成形に適さないといった問題もあり,1920~30年代には多くの製品でセルロースアセテートやベークライト,ビニル化合物などに取って代わられた。20世紀末には,セルロイドのおもな用途はピンポン玉のみとなった。

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