Italian opera composer who was the most influential throughout Europe in the 1810s and 1820s. Born on February 29th in Pesaro, a small city on the Adriatic Sea. He showed musical talent from an early age, but began formal music studies around 1804, when his parents settled in Bologna. In 1806, he entered the city's conservatory and actively tried his hand at composing. He graduated in 1810, and two years later, he achieved success with his Venice premiere of "Happy Mistakes," and became known as an opera composer. In the same year, he performed "The Touchstone" at La Scala in Milan, which was a great success. The following year, in 1813, he performed "Mr. Bruschino," his first opera seria, "Tancredi," and "An Italian Girl in Algiers" in Venice, all of which were successful. In 1815, he performed the opera seria "Elizabeth, Queen of England" in Naples, which also gained popularity, but Paisiello, the director of the Royal Conservatory of Naples and a master of opera buffa at the time, was not happy with this, and due to his interference, the premiere of "The Barber of Seville" in Rome the following year ended in failure. However, the work captivated audiences with each performance, and Rossini's fame increased. After that, by the time he returned to Bologna in 1822, he composed nearly 20 operas for the opera houses of Naples, Rome, Milan, and Venice, including "Otello" (1816), "Cinderella" (1817), and "La Belle d'Eau de la Lake" (1819). In March 1822, he married the Spanish singer Isabella Colbran. In 1822, Rossini visited Vienna and performed a succession of his old works, which garnered overwhelming popularity. Inspired by Rossini's music, many composers, including Schubert, wrote works imitating his style. Meanwhile, Rossini was inspired by Beethoven's music and visited him. The following year, in 1823, he performed "Semiramide" in Venice, which was the last work Rossini wrote for an Italian opera house. In 1824, he moved to Paris and became the musical director of the Théâtre Italiane there. In addition to staging and revising old works, he composed the French versions of "Comte Ory" (1828) and "Guillaume Tell" (1829). The latter, based on Schiller's play "Wilhelm Tell," was a great success, but he was exhausted by the work and returned to Bologna for a time. During his return to his hometown in 1830, the July Revolution occurred, and he returned to Paris to defend his rights. After the dispute was settled, he lived a comfortable life on his pension. When Meyerbeer's grand opera began to become popular, he felt repulsed by the style, and he did not compose any more operas after that, but only published various short pieces that he had written from time to time, and "Stabat Mater" (1842). During this time, he lived in Bologna and Florence due to health and political instability, but in 1837 he formally divorced Isabella, with whom he had been having a long-standing ill-feeling, and when she died in 1845, he remarried in 1846 to Olympe Pélissier, a French woman with whom he had been living together for some time. After 1855, he lived in Paris, where he wrote a few works, including Petite Solemnelle (1863). He died on November 13, 1868 in Passy, Paris. Rossini composed 39 operas, including adaptations, over a period of about 20 years up until 1829, and then retired from the opera world for about 40 years, as mentioned above. As an opera composer, Rossini aimed primarily at refining vocal style, pursuing beautifully refined melodic beauty in arias and cavatina. At the same time, he explored vocal technique, and especially devoted himself to reviving the bel canto style of singing. In doing so, he considered the natural match between the development of the drama and vocal expression, and avoided becoming dominated by technique. He used many original methods of expression, but was extremely skilled in handling the orchestra, especially in crescendos (gradual increases in volume). He first used an orchestral crescendo in an opera in the final act of "The Touchstone." This technique became his signature, and he was given the nickname "Mr. Crescendo." He also often used colorful and scenic orchestration to excellent effect in opera seria, such as "William Tell." These are also reflected in the overtures to his operas, which are now performed independently even if the operas themselves are not performed. [Yoshio Miyama] "Rossini: His Life and Art" by Francis Toy, translated by Yasushi Kano (1970, Ongaku No Tomosha) [References] |©Shogakukan "> List of Rossini's operas (1) ©Shogakukan "> List of Rossini's operas (2) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1810年代、20年代にヨーロッパ全域にもっとも影響力のあったイタリアのオペラ作曲家。2月29日、アドリア海に面する小都市ペザロに生まれる。幼時から音楽的才能を発揮したが、両親がボローニャに定住した1804年ごろから正式に音楽を学んだ。06年、同市の音楽院に入学、積極的に作曲を試みた。10年に卒業、2年後にベネチア初演の『幸福な思いちがい』で成功、オペラ作曲家として知られるようになり、同年『試金石』をミラノのスカラ座で上演、大成功を収めた。翌13年ベネチアで『ブルスキーノ氏』、彼のオペラ・セリアとしては第一作にあたる『タンクレディ』、そして『アルジェのイタリア女』を上演、いずれも成功した。 1815年、彼はナポリでオペラ・セリア『イギリスの女王エリザベス』を上演、ここでも人気を集めたが、ナポリ王立音楽院院長で当時のオペラ・ブッファの大家パイジェッロはこれを快く思わず、その妨害により、翌16年の『セビーリャの理髪師』ローマ初演は失敗に終わった。しかし、この作品は上演を重ねるたびに人々を魅了し、ロッシーニの名を高めた。その後ナポリ、ローマ、ミラノ、ベネチアの歌劇場のために、22年ボローニャに帰るまでに20曲に近いオペラを作曲、そのなかには『オテロ』(1816)、『シンデレラ』(1817)、『湖上の美人』(1819)などがある。22年3月、彼はスペイン出身の歌手イサベラ・コルブランとIsabella Colbran結婚した。 1822年、ロッシーニはウィーンを訪れ、旧作を次々に上演、圧倒的な人気を集めた。ロッシーニの音楽に刺激され、シューベルトを含む多くの作曲家が、彼のスタイルを模倣した作品を書いた。一方、ロッシーニはベートーベンの音楽を知って感激、彼を訪問したりした。翌23年、ベネチアで『セミラーミデ』を発表したが、これはロッシーニがイタリアの歌劇場のために書いた最後の作品になった。 1824年に彼はパリに移り、同地のイタリア劇場の音楽監督に就任、旧作の上演および改訂上演のほか、フランス語による『オリー伯爵』(1828)と『ギョーム・テル(ウィリアム・テル)』(1829)を作曲した。とくにシラーの戯曲『ウィルヘルム・テル』による後者は大成功したが、その作曲で疲労し、一時ボローニャに帰った。帰郷中の30年、七月革命が起こると、自らの権利を守るためパリに戻り、係争が決着したのちは年金などにより悠々自適の生活を送った。彼はマイヤベーアのグランド・オペラが流行し始めるとその様式に反発を覚え、以後オペラの作曲はせず、おりに触れて書きためた各種の小品や、『スターバト・マーテル』(1842)などを発表しただけである。この間、健康や政情不安のためボローニャ、フィレンツェに住んだこともあったが、37年には前々から不仲になっていたイサベラと正式に離婚し、45年に彼女が死去すると、かねてから生活をともにしていたフランス女性オランプ・ペリシェOlympe Pélissierと46年に再婚した。そして、55年以後はパリに暮らし、『小荘厳ミサ曲』(1863)など少数の作品を書いた。68年11月13日、パリのパッシーで死去。 ロッシーニは1829年までの約20年間に改作を含めて39曲のオペラを作曲、その後の約40年は上述のようにオペラ界から引退した。オペラ作曲家としてのロッシーニは、第一に声楽様式の洗練を目ざし、アリアやカバティーナのなかで美しく磨き上げられた旋律美を追究した。それと同時に、声楽技巧を探究し、とくにベルカント唱法の再興に力を注いだ。その際、劇の展開と声楽表現の自然な一致を考え、技巧主体に陥ることを避けた。 彼は多くの独創的な表現方法を用いたが、オーケストラの扱いに卓抜な技巧を駆使、とくにクレッシェンド(音量を漸増する)を効果的に用いた。彼がオーケストラによるクレッシェンドをオペラで最初に用いたのは、『試金石』の終幕においてである。この技法は彼の代名詞となり、「クレッシェンド氏」というニックネームが彼に与えられもした。また『ウィリアム・テル』などのオペラ・セリアでは、色彩的、情景描写的な管弦楽法がしばしば優れた効果をあげている。これらは、彼のオペラの序曲にも表れており、現在オペラ自体は上演されなくても序曲は独立して演奏されている。 [美山良夫] 『フランシス・トイ著、加納泰訳『ロッシーニ――生涯と芸術』(1970・音楽之友社)』 [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> ロッシーニのオペラ作品一覧(1) ©Shogakukan"> ロッシーニのオペラ作品一覧(2) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher
>>: Rochelle Salt - Rochelle En
… [Munemin Yanagi]. … *Some of the terminology th...
Ar. An element with atomic number 18. It is a rar...
A city in the northwestern part of the Nile Delta ...
… [Mitsuru Hotta]... *Some of the terminology tha...
...It has a percussion effect. (3) Kasume: A tech...
Also called endemic osteoarthritis. A type of ende...
A group of Yamato warriors in the Heian and early ...
A compound word of smoke and fog, referring to a ...
An aliphatic amine. Also known as 1,6-hexanediami...
…It is the terminus of the Esashi Line and also s...
…During this time, in 1671, Tadao gave his younge...
A general term for parrots belonging to the Psitta...
A person who looks after horses in a stable. Espec...
A fictional character created in the 55th volume ...
…About 250 species have been recorded from around...