Cervantes - Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Japanese: セルバンテス - せるばんてす(英語表記)Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Cervantes - Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Spanish novelist, playwright and poet.

[Kuwana Kazuhiro]

Early life

He was born in late September 1547 in Alcalá de Henares, a university town near Madrid, but his exact date of birth is unknown. He was baptized on October 9th at Santa María la Mayor Church. His father was a deaf surgeon. Cervantes' childhood and adolescence are not known in detail. Since his father moved around a lot, it is speculated that he may have attended a Jesuit school somewhere for a short period of time.

[Kuwana Kazuhiro]

Military service and honorable injuries

His name first appears in documents in 1568 in a collection of poems in memory of the queen of Philip III, published by the Madrid-based humanist Lopez de Hoyos, which included three poems by Cervantes, who was called "my treasured and beloved pupil". However, the following year he went to Italy, first becoming a servant to Cardinal Acquabiba, but in 1570 he went to Naples and joined his brother Rodrigo's army as a soldier. The following year, in 1571, he participated in the famous naval Battle of Lepanto, where he was wounded in the chest and arm. The wound in his left arm worsened, and later he was unable to use his left hand freely, but he was proud of this honorable wound until the end, saying that he had lost the use of his left hand "to further the honor of his right hand". After a period of recuperation, he returned to military service and, together with his brother Rodrigo, participated in the Battle of Navarino and the capture of Tunis, and was stationed in Palermo and Naples. In 1575, he returned home with a letter of commendation from Admiral Don Juan of Austria, the king's half-brother, and a letter of recommendation from the viceroy of Sicily.

[Kuwana Kazuhiro]

From slavery to writing

The ship on which he and his brother were traveling was attacked by Turkish pirates, who were rampant in the Mediterranean at the time, and Cervantes, along with the other passengers, was taken prisoner and taken to Algiers, where he spent five years as a slave. He made several failed attempts to escape, but miraculously avoided execution, and was finally freed in 1580 after a ransom was paid.

After returning to Spain, unable to find a suitable job, he decided to make a living as a writer, and appears to have written 20-30 plays by 1587, but only two remain: "The Prison of Algiers" and "Numancia." The only work he wrote around this time that met with some success was the pastoral novel "Galatea" (1585), which was popular at the time, and Cervantes seems to have had a deep affection for this work, promising to write a sequel several times until just before his death.

In 1584, he married a girl 18 years younger than him, and her dowry seemed to stabilize his life, but the death of his father meant he needed to support his family, and in 1587 he went to Seville to become a requisitioner for the Spanish Armada. During this job, he was excommunicated by the Church for overcharging the bishopric. After he became a tax collector in Granada, he was involved in an incident in which a banker who had entrusted public funds to him went bankrupt and disappeared, and he was imprisoned more than once for not obeying a summons to Madrid, and was eventually driven from his position. During this period, he wrote Don Quixote (Part 1, 1605), which made his name immortal. This work was very well received when it was first published and went into print many times, but he sold the rights for a cheap price, so his life did not get any easier after that.

[Kuwana Kazuhiro]

Active literary activity

In 1605 he was suspected of a stabbing that occurred near the apartment where he lived, and he seems to have been constantly involved in legal troubles, mainly financial, since then, and he aspired to become a member of the retinue of Count Lemos, who was appointed viceroy of Naples in 1610, but this wish was not realized. Nevertheless, in spite of this humble life, he was very active as a writer in the last years of his life.

He began by publishing "Exemplary Novels" (1613), a collection of 12 short and medium-length stories, followed by "A Voyage to Mount Parnaso" (1614), a long poem criticizing the poets of the time, and "Eight New Plays and Eight Interludes" (1615). In 1615, he also published the second part of "Don Quixote". In 1616, he completed "The Tribulations of Persiles and Sigismunda" (published posthumously in 1617), which he considered to be the best or worst piece of fiction written in the Spanish language, to which he wrote a very moving dedication on his deathbed. Cervantes died in Madrid on April 23, 1616.

[Kuwana Kazuhiro]

"Persiles and the Tribulations of Sigismunda, Vol. 1 and 2, translated by Katsuyuki Oginouchi (1980, Kokusho Kankokai) " "Cervantes or the Critique of Reading, by Carlos Fuentes, translated by Nobuaki Ushijima (1982, Wind Rose)"

[Reference] | Don Quixote

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スペインの小説家、劇作家、詩人。

[桑名一博]

生い立ち

1547年の9月末ごろ、マドリードに近い大学町アルカラ・デ・エナレスで生まれたが、正確な誕生日はわからない。洗礼は10月9日にサンタ・マリア・ラ・マヨール教会で受けている。父親は耳の不自由な外科医。セルバンテスの幼・少年期に関することは正確なところはわからない。父親が各地を転々とする生活を送ったので、たぶんどこかの地で短期間ながらイエズス会系の学校にでも通ったのではないかと推測される。

[桑名一博]

軍役と名誉の負傷

彼の名前が初めて文献に現れるのは、1568年にマドリードに住む人文学者ロペス・デ・オヨスが出版したフェリペ3世の王妃を追悼する詩文集で、「わが秘蔵の愛弟子(まなでし)」とよばれたセルバンテスの詩が三編ほど収められている。しかし翌年には彼はイタリアに渡っており、まず枢機卿(すうききょう)アックワビーバの侍僕(じぼく)となるが、1570年にはナポリに赴き、弟ロドリーゴのいる部隊に入隊して兵士となっている。そして翌1571年には歴史上有名なレパントの海戦に参加し、胸や腕に傷を負う。左腕に受けた傷は悪化し、のちには左手が自由に使えなくなったが、自ら「右手の名誉をさらにあげるために」左手の自由を失ったのだと、最後までこの名誉の負傷を誇りにしていた。彼はしばらく療養したあと、ふたたび軍役に復し、弟ロドリーゴとともにナバリノの海戦、チュニス攻略などに参加し、パレルモやナポリに駐屯したが、1575年、国王の異母弟であるドン・フアン・アウストリア提督の感状と、シチリアの副王の推薦状をもって帰国の途についた。

[桑名一博]

奴隷生活から文筆業へ

彼と弟が乗っていた船は、当時地中海を横行していたトルコの海賊船に襲われ、セルバンテスは他の乗船者とともに捕虜となり、アルジェに連れて行かれ、その地で5年間の奴隷生活を送ることになる。彼はその間に数度の逃亡を試みていずれも失敗しているが、奇跡的に処刑を免れることができた。結局、1580年に身代金を払ってもらってようやく自由の身となった。

 スペインに帰国後は、思わしい職が得られないまま文筆で身をたてることを志し、1587年までに20~30編の戯曲を書いたようだが、現存しているのは『アルジェの牢屋(ろうや)』と『ヌマンシア』の二編だけである。このころに書いた作品でいくらか成功を収めたのは、当時流行していた牧人小説の『ガラテーア』(1585)で、セルバンテスはこの作品には深い愛着をもっていたらしく、死の直前まで何度か続編を書く約束を繰り返している。

 1584年に18歳下の娘と結婚し、彼女の持参金によって生活が安定するかにみえたが、続いて起きた父親の死のために家族を養う必要が生じ、1587年にはセビーリャへ行って無敵艦隊の食糧徴発係になった。この仕事に従事しているときに司教領からの徴発をやりすぎ、教会から破門されたこともある。さらにグラナダで徴税吏になってからも、公金を預けておいた銀行家が破産して失踪(しっそう)する事件に巻き込まれたり、マドリードへの召喚命令に従わなかったことが原因で、一度ならず入獄しており、ついには官職から追われることになった。この期間に、彼の名を不朽なものとした『ドン・キホーテ』(第一部・1605)を書き上げている。この作品は出版と同時に大好評で版を重ねたが、版権を安い金で売り渡していたので、彼の生活はその後もいっこうに楽にならなかった。

[桑名一博]

旺盛な文学活動

1605年に、彼が住んでいたアパートの近くで起きた刃傷(にんじょう)事件に関して嫌疑をかけられたことがあるが、彼はその後も絶えず、主として金銭問題から、法律上のいざこざに巻き込まれていたようである。そのため、10年にナポリの副王に任命されたレモス伯爵の随員になることを願ったが、この希望はかなえられなかった。だが、このように恵まれない生活を送っていたにもかかわらず、晩年の文学活動はきわめて活発である。

 まず、12編の中・短編小説を収めた『模範小説集』(1613)を出版したのを皮切りに、当時の詩人たちを批評した長編詩『パルナソ山への旅』(1614)や、『新作戯曲8種と幕間狂言8種』(1615)をたて続けに出版した。1615年には『ドン・キホーテ』の第二部も出版している。そして1616年には、彼にいわせると、スペイン語で書かれた最良の、もしくは最悪の創作だという『ペルシーレスとシヒスムンダの苦難』(1617没後刊)を完成させ、死の床できわめて感動的な献辞を書いている。セルバンテスは1616年4月23日、マドリードで死んだ。

[桑名一博]

『荻内勝之訳『ペルシーレスとシヒスムンダの苦難』上下(1980・国書刊行会)』『カルロス・フエンテス著、牛島信明訳『セルバンテスまたは読みの批判』(1982・風の薔薇)』

[参照項目] | ドン・キホーテ

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