Swedish astronomer and physicist. Born in Uppsala, the son of a university professor of astronomy. He studied mathematics, experimental physics, and astronomy, and became a teacher. In 1730, he succeeded his father as professor of astronomy at Uppsala University. He visited observatories throughout Europe, continued to observe the aurora, and discussed its correlation with geomagnetism, which he published in 1733. He met Maupertuis in Paris and participated in the expedition led by Maupertuis to measure the earth's meridian (1736). In astronomy, he contributed to determining the magnitude of stars. His most important achievement was the proposal of a standard for measuring temperature (1741, published in a paper the following year in 1742). At the same time as or slightly before the French Jean-Pierre Christin (1683-1755), he invented and put into practical use a temperature scale that divides the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point of water (at standard atmospheric pressure) into 100 parts. However, originally the freezing point was 100 and the boiling point was 0. Later, Linnaeus and others reversed the values, which became the origin of the Celsius degree (℃) as a derived unit of today's International System of Units (SI). [Seiji Takada] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スウェーデンの天文学者、物理学者。ウプサラで、大学の天文学教授の子として生まれる。数学、実験物理学、天文学を学び、教職につき、1730年には父の後を継いでウプサラ大学天文学教授に就任した。ヨーロッパ各地の天文台を歴訪し、オーロラの観察を続け、地磁気との相関を論じて1733年に発表した。パリでモーペルチュイと知り合い、その指揮する地球子午線測定遠征に参加した(1736)。天文学では、星の明るさの等級を決めることなどに貢献した。もっとも重要な業績は、温度測定の基準の提案(1741年。論文は翌1742年)であって、フランスのクリスティンJean-Pierre Christin(1683―1755)と同時またはそれにやや先だって、氷点と(標準気圧下での)水の沸点との間隔を100分割する温度目盛りを考案し、実用化した。もっとも、当初には氷点を100、沸点を0としていた。のちにリンネその他の人が値を逆転し、それが今日の国際単位系(SI)の組立単位としてのセルシウス度(℃)の起源となった。 [高田誠二] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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