When chewing, food that has been broken down and mixed with saliva, as well as inhaled liquids, are collected on the tongue and, through the coordinated movement of the oral cavity and pharynx, are sent to the stomach via the esophagus. This series of actions is called swallowing. This process is divided into three stages. The first stage is the period from the oral cavity until the food enters the pharynx, and is a voluntary movement caused mainly by the movement of the tongue. The second stage is the period from the pharynx until the food enters the esophagus. First, the soft palate rises, blocking the passage to the nasal cavity, the base of the tongue moves backward and downward, and the hyoid bone and larynx rise. Next, the laryngeal muscles contract, opening the entrance to the esophagus and allowing the food to move into the esophagus. These events occur reflexively as the food bolus stimulates the pharyngeal mucosa. The third stage is the process in which the food is transported to the stomach by the peristaltic movement of the esophagus. The second and third stages are caused by reflexes, and their center is in the medulla oblongata (swallowing center). Because many muscles and nerves work in coordination, swallowing can be difficult if there is motor paralysis of the tongue, inflammation in the mouth, esophageal stenosis, or neurological disease. [Santa Ichikawa] ©Shogakukan "> The swallowing process Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
そしゃくによって、かみ砕かれ唾液(だえき)と混じり合った食物や、吸い込まれた液体は、舌の上に集められ、口腔(こうくう)、咽頭(いんとう)の協同運動によって食道を経て胃に送られる。この一連の動作を嚥下という。これらの過程は三つの時期に分けられる。第1期は口腔から咽頭に入るまでの時期で、おもに舌の動きによっておこる随意運動である。第2期は咽頭から食道に入るまでをいう。まず軟口蓋(なんこうがい)が上がり、鼻腔との通路がふさがれ、舌根が後下方に動き、舌骨および喉頭(こうとう)が挙上する。次に、喉頭筋の収縮がおこり食道の入口が開いて、食物が食道へ移動する。これらは、食塊が咽頭粘膜を刺激して反射的におこる。第3期は食道の蠕動(ぜんどう)運動によって胃に運ばれる過程である。第2期、第3期は反射により行われ、その中枢は延髄(えんずい)にある(嚥下中枢)。このように多くの筋肉、神経が協調して働くので、舌の運動麻痺(まひ)、口腔内の炎症、食道狭窄(きょうさく)、神経疾患などがあると、嚥下は困難なものとなる。 [市河三太] ©Shogakukan"> 嚥下の過程 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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