Bremsstrahlung - radiation

Japanese: 制動放射 - せいどうほうしゃ
Bremsstrahlung - radiation

This is the electromagnetic wave emitted when a charged particle is accelerated by a strong electric field. It can also refer to the mechanism of this radiation. When a charged particle passes close to an atomic nucleus, its path is bent by the nuclear Coulomb force, and the charged particle gains acceleration, resulting in bremsstrahlung. The energy of the radiation is distributed continuously on a spectrum from when the charged particle releases its entire kinetic energy to zero, depending on how the charged particle collides with the atomic nucleus. The probability of radiation is proportional to the square of the acceleration, and therefore inversely proportional to the square of the mass of the charged particle. Therefore, bremsstrahlung radiation from light particles such as electrons and positrons occurs prominently. Also, the heavier the target nucleus, the greater the radiation.

Bethe and Heitler calculated the energy lost by bremsstrahlung while traveling a unit length when a high-energy electron passes through a material (stopping power). The thickness of material at which the energy of the incident electron is reduced to 1/e by bremsstrahlung is called the radiation length. If the closest distance between the incident electron and the atomic nucleus at the time of collision is smaller than the radius of the atom, the Coulomb force of the atomic nucleus acts directly on the incident electron, but if it is larger, it is shielded by the electrons in the atom and weakened.

Gamma rays, which are produced by bremsstrahlung radiation produced by bombarding a solid target with high-energy electrons, are used in high-energy physics experiments. X-ray tubes also produce X-rays by colliding electrons with a metal anode, but the continuous spectrum portion of the X-rays is due to bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by electrons in the metal.

[Kikuta Seiji]

Bremsstrahlung
©Shogakukan ">

Bremsstrahlung


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

荷電粒子が強い電場によって加速度を受けたときに放射する電磁波をいう。その放射の機構をさすこともある。荷電粒子が原子核の近くを通過するとき、核のクーロン力によって進路を曲げられ、荷電粒子は加速度を得て、制動放射を生ずる。放射のエネルギーについては、荷電粒子と原子核の衝突の仕方によって、荷電粒子がその全運動エネルギーを放出する場合からゼロまでスペクトルは連続的に分布する。放射の確率は加速度の二乗に比例するので、荷電粒子の質量の二乗に反比例する。したがって、電子や陽電子のような軽い粒子による制動放射が目だっておこる。また標的の原子核は重いほうが放射は大きい。

 高エネルギーの電子が物質を透過するときに制動放射によって単位長さを進む間に失うエネルギー(阻止能)は、ベーテとハイトラーによって計算されている。制動放射により入射電子のエネルギーが1/eに減少する物質の厚さを放射長という。衝突するときの入射電子と原子核の最近接距離が原子の半径より小さければ、原子核のクーロン力が入射電子にそのまま及ぶが、大きい場合には原子内電子によって遮蔽(しゃへい)され、弱められる。

 高エネルギーの電子を固体の標的に当てて制動放射により発生させるγ(ガンマ)線は、高エネルギー物理の実験に利用される。X線管でも電子を陽極の金属に衝突させてX線を発生させるが、その連続スペクトルの部分は、電子が金属中で出す制動放射によるものである。

[菊田惺志]

制動放射
©Shogakukan">

制動放射


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Student council - Seikaikai

>>:  Self-defense

Recommend

"Outline of American Economics" - american economics

…His words and actions became increasingly radica...

Slum - slum (English spelling)

It is one of the regional pathological phenomena ...

Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de

Born: March 10, 1833, Guadís [Died] July 10, 1891....

cobza

…It is also a similar instrument to the Tibetan d...

Elan Vital - Elective

... In the 19th century, vitalism was dealt a blo...

Sanogawa Ichimatsu

A Kabuki actor. There are three generations, but ...

Eagle Stone

…The connection with keen eyesight is also seen i...

John James Audubon

American bird researcher and painter. Born in Hai...

Watarai Ieyuki

Date of birth and death unknown. He was a chief p...

Ordinary type bicycle

... It is said that the first bicycles were broug...

Chang Yu-chun (also known as Ch`ang Yü-ch`un)

[Birth] Shijun 1 (1330) [Died] Hongwu 2 (1369). Ju...

Reeves, AH (English spelling) ReevesAH

…This type of conversion is called pulse code mod...

NMR Imaging - NMR Imaging

...By expanding various NMR information such as c...

Asano University

⇒ Nagahiro Asano Source: Kodansha Digital Japanese...

Baciccia, Giovanni Battista

Born: May 8, 1639, Genoa Died: April 2, 1709. Ital...