Orthography - Seishoho

Japanese: 正書法 - せいしょほう
Orthography - Seishoho

A translation of orthography. It is also called orthography. It refers to the correct way of writing words, that is, the rules that are recognized as social norms for converting spoken language to written language. Writing homophoneous words in two different ways, such as "ooi" (many) and "oui" (royalty), is meaningless in phonology, but it is determined to be the standard by the social norm of modern kana spelling. In English, knight [nait] is not a spelling that corresponds to the phoneme, but it is socially recognized as the correct way of writing. In this way, an exact correspondence between phonemes and letters is not necessarily required when transferring to written language. In languages ​​that only have phonetic characters, there is only one way of writing, but Japanese has four writing systems: kanji, hiragana, katakana, and roman letters, and there is no set rule on which characters to use to write words. It is a social custom to write foreign words in katakana, Chinese words in kanji, and Japanese words in hiragana or a certain range of kanji, but this is not a rule that should be followed. In terms of rules, some people consider the use of okurigana to be orthography. However, in contrast to languages ​​that have only one writing system, it can be said that Japanese only needs to have one way of writing for each writing system. In that case, since the writing system of kanji cannot primarily transfer spoken language, it is the use of kana and romaji, which represent sounds (syllables), that primarily requires social norms. Among them, kana is much more important in modern Japanese society than romaji. Therefore, in terms of real linguistic life, modern kana usage would be the orthography that should be the social norm. Transferring between writing systems such as hiragana and katakana, or kana and kanji, is a secondary rule based on modern kana usage, and the use of okurigana is considered to be an additional rule in kana-kanji conversion.

[Takuya Okimori]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

orthographyの訳語。正字法ともいう。語の正しい書き表し方、つまり音声言語を文字言語にうつしかえるための、社会的規範として認定されている決まりをいう。「おおい(多い)」と「おうい(王位)」のように、同音の語を二様に書き分けるのは音韻論では無意味であるが、現代仮名遣いという社会的規範によって標準と定められている。英語でも、knight[nait]は音韻と対応するつづり字(スペリング)ではないが、正しい書き表し方として社会的に認定されている。このように、音韻と文字との正確な対応は文字言語にうつす場合にかならずしも要らない。表音文字しかもたない言語では、ただ一つの書き表し方しかないが、日本語には文字体系として漢字、平仮名、片仮名、ローマ字の4種類があって、どの文字で語を書き表すか決まってはいない。社会的慣習として、外来語は片仮名、漢語は漢字、和語は平仮名もしくは一定の範囲内の漢字で書き表すことがかなり定着しているが、従うべき規則というものではない。規則性という点で、送り仮名のつけ方を正書法とする立場もある。ただ、文字体系を一つしかもたない言語と対比して考えると、日本語ではその文字体系ごとに書き表し方が一つに限定されていればよいということができる。その場合、漢字という文字体系は、一次的には音声言語をうつしかえることはできないから、音(音節)を表記する仮名、ローマ字の使い方こそが社会的規範を第一義的に必要とする。なかでも、仮名はローマ字に比べて、現代日本社会における重要性がはるかに高い。したがって、現実の言語生活に即していえば、現代仮名遣いが社会的規範たるべき正書法に該当することとなろう。平仮名と片仮名、仮名と漢字といった文字体系間の書き換えは、現代仮名遣いを基盤とした二次的な決まりであって、送り仮名のつけ方は、仮名・漢字変換における付帯的規則に相当すると考えられる。

[沖森卓也]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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