Sulfonic acid - suruhonsan (English spelling) sulfonic acid

Japanese: スルホン酸 - するほんさん(英語表記)sulfonic acid
Sulfonic acid - suruhonsan (English spelling) sulfonic acid

A general term for compounds in which a carbon atom is bonded to a sulfur group -SO 3 H. The name is derived by adding sulfonic acid to the parent hydrocarbon name.

Aromatic sulfonic acids, ArSO 3 H (Ar is an aryl group), are prepared by sulfonation of aromatic hydrocarbons with sulfuric acid or oleum, or by oxidation of the corresponding thiophenols or sulfinic acids. Aliphatic sulfonic acids, RSO 3 H (R is an alkyl group), are prepared by oxidation of alkanes with sulfur trioxide, halides with sodium bisulfite, or mercaptans.

They are colorless and have a relatively high melting point. They are highly hygroscopic and often deliquescent. In an aqueous solution, they release protons (H +) and exhibit acid properties.

RSO 3 H+H 2 ORSO 3 - +H 3 O +
Its acidity is much stronger than that of carboxylic acids, which are the same organic acids, and is almost as strong as that of sulfuric acid. For this reason, it is sometimes used in organic reactions as an acid catalyst in place of sulfuric acid. Although it is chemically stable and not easily oxidized or reduced, aromatic sulfonic acids or their sodium salts regenerate the original hydrocarbons when heated with dilute sulfuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid. Sodium benzenesulfonate also produces phenol when dissolved in sodium hydroxide. This reaction has been used industrially as a method for synthesizing phenol.

C6H5SO3Na + NaOH
C6H5OH + Na2SO3
The sulfo group is a hydrophilic group, and sodium salts are also easily soluble in water. For this reason, many dyes have a sodium sulfonate structure to make them water-soluble. Methyl orange, which is used as an indicator for neutralization titration, is one example. An aqueous solution of sodium sulfonate is neutral, unlike sodium salts of carboxylic acids, which are weakly alkaline. For this reason, sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate, which has the same cleaning action as soap, is called a neutral detergent.

[Kiyoshi Mutai]

[References] | Aryl groups | Alkyl groups | Sulfonated | Phenol | Methyl orange [Supplementary information] | Sulfonic acids (data notes)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

炭素原子にスルホ基-SO3Hの結合した化合物の総称。名称は、母体の炭化水素名にスルホン酸をつける。

 芳香族スルホン酸ArSO3H(Arはアリール基)は、芳香族炭化水素を硫酸または発煙硫酸でスルホン化して合成する。また、相当するチオフェノールやスルフィン酸の酸化でも得られる。脂肪族スルホン酸RSO3H(Rはアルキル基)は、アルカンと三酸化硫黄(いおう)、ハロゲン化合物と亜硫酸水素ナトリウム、メルカプタンの酸化などの方法で合成する。

 無色で、比較的融点が高い。吸湿性が強く潮解性を示すものが多い。水溶液中では、プロトンH+を放出し、酸としての性質を示す。

  RSO3H+H2ORSO3-+H3O+
 酸性は、同じ有機酸のカルボン酸よりはるかに強く、ほぼ硫酸に近い。そのため、硫酸のかわりに酸触媒として有機反応に用いられることがある。化学的には安定で、酸化や還元を受けにくいが、芳香族スルホン酸またはそのナトリウム塩は希硫酸または希塩酸と加熱すると元の炭化水素を再生する。またベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウムは水酸化ナトリウムと融解するとフェノールを生じる。この反応はフェノールの合成法として、工業的に利用されたことがある。

 C6H5SO3Na+NaOH
  ―→C6H5OH+Na2SO3
 スルホ基は親水性の基であり、ナトリウム塩も水に溶けやすい。そのため染料のなかには、水溶性をもたせるためにスルホン酸ナトリウムの構造になっているものも多い。中和滴定用の指示薬として使われるメチルオレンジもその例である。スルホン酸ナトリウムの水溶液は、弱アルカリ性を示すカルボン酸のナトリウム塩と異なって中性である。そこで、せっけんと同じ洗浄作用を示すアルキルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウムを中性洗剤とよんでいる。

[務台 潔]

[参照項目] | アリール基 | アルキル基 | スルホン化 | フェノール | メチルオレンジ[補完資料] | スルホン酸(データノート)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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