Sulfur bacteria are a general term for bacteria that oxidize elemental sulfur and inorganic sulfur compounds, or bacteria that perform carbon dioxide assimilation through this oxidation reaction and live by chemosynthesis and photosynthesis. Sulfur bacteria are distributed in environments rich in various sulfur compounds. From a taxonomic perspective, they belong to various taxonomic groups, including bacteria of the Beggiatoaceae family, bacteria of the Thiothrix genus of the Chitophagaceae family, bacteria of the Thiobacteriaceae family, and bacteria of the Rhodobacteriaceae family. Bacteria of the Beggiatoaceae family are a group of colorless, filamentous, gliding bacteria similar to blue-green algae, and include three genera: Beggiatoa , Vitreoscilla , and Thioploca . The Thiothrix genus is a large, filamentous bacterium. The Thiobacteriaceae family is made up of six genera, including the flagellated rod-shaped Thiobacillus genus and the non-motile rod-shaped Thiobacterium genus. The Purple Bacteria family is a group of photosynthetic bacteria, and includes many genera that contain bacteriochlorophyll and are red or green in color. Bacteria in the Beziatoaceae family (excluding the Vitreosira genus) and Thiothrix genus deposit large amounts of elemental sulfur within their cells. These bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, and the stored sulfur is further oxidized to sulfuric acid. On the other hand, bacteria in the Thiobacteriaceae family include those that deposit sulfur from hydrogen sulfide within their cells, those that oxidize sulfur or thiosulfate as a nitrate oxidation system and release free nitrogen, and those that oxidize thiosulfate and other salts to produce sulfuric acid. Photosynthetic bacteria oxidize sulfur compounds instead of releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. Few sulfur bacteria have been cultured in pure culture, but the genus Thiobacillus has been successfully grown in mineral medium supplemented with thiosulfate. [Masami Soneda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
硫黄バクテリアsulfur bacteriaともいう。元素状硫黄および無機硫黄化合物を酸化する細菌、またはこの酸化反応によって炭酸同化を営み、化学合成ならびに光合成の独立栄養にて生活する細菌の総称である。硫黄細菌は、各種の硫黄化合物に富んだ環境に分布する。分類学上からみると、いろいろな分類群に属するものがある。ベジアトア科の細菌、キトファーガ科のチオトリックス属Thiothrixの細菌、チオバクテリア科の細菌、紅色細菌科に属する細菌などが含まれる。ベジアトア科の細菌は無色、繊維性で、藍藻(らんそう)に似た滑走細菌の群で、ベジアトア属Beggiatoa、ビトレオシラ属Vitreoscilla、チオプロカ属Thioplocaの3属がある。チオトリックス属は大形の糸状性の細菌である。チオバクテリア科の細菌は通常単細胞で小形のものが多く、鞭毛(べんもう)を有する桿菌(かんきん)チオバチルス属Thiobacillusや、運動性のない桿菌チオバクテリウム属Thiobacteriumなど6属がある。紅色細菌科は光合成細菌の群であり、バクテリオクロロフィルをもち、紅色や緑色を呈する多くの属が含まれている。 ビトレオシラ属を除くベジアトア科の細菌やチオトリックス属の細菌は、元素状硫黄を細胞内に多量に沈着する。これらの細菌は、硫化水素を酸化して元素硫黄とし、貯蔵された硫黄はさらに硫酸に酸化される。一方、チオバクテリア科の細菌には、硫化水素から硫黄を細胞内に沈着するもの、硝酸塩の酸化系として、硫黄またはチオ硫酸塩の酸化を行い、遊離窒素を放出するもの、チオ硫酸塩などの酸化によって硫酸をつくるものなどがある。光合成細菌は光合成によって酸素を放出するかわりに硫黄化合物の酸化を行う。 硫黄細菌のなかで純粋培養されるものは少ないが、チオバチルス属はチオ硫酸を加えた無機培養基で成功している。 [曽根田正己] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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