Spencer, Edmund

Japanese: スペンサー（英語表記）Spenser， Edmund

Born: circa 1552, London
[Died] January 13, 1599. London. English poet. Born into a family of textile merchants, he studied at Cambridge University. He was absorbed in poetry while at school, and after graduating, he was patronized by the Earl of Leicester. He eventually became friends with P. Sidney and founded the Areopagus, a literary club. He made a name for himself with his collection of poems, Shepheardes Calender (1579). However, when the Earl of Leicester incurred the displeasure of the Queen, Spencer also left London and went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Grey (80). In 1588, he obtained Kilcolman Castle and lived a leisurely life as a writer as a high-ranking colonial official. He published the first three volumes of his magnum opus, Faerie Queene, in 1590. Hoping to enter the royal court, he returned to London in 1589 with the support of his friend W. Lawley, but his dream was not realized and he returned to Ireland. The poem that conveys this feeling is "Colin Clouts Come Home Again" (95). Around the same time, he wrote "Epithalamion" (95), in which he congratulated his marriage to Elizabeth Boyle, and "Prothalamion" (96), in which he celebrated the engagement of the Earl of Worcester's daughter. After that, riots broke out in Ireland, and he died of an illness while on official business in London. His masterpiece, "The Faerie Queene", was never completed, and only a fragment of the seventh book was published in 1609, but its gorgeous images and musical meter make it the greatest English poem of the 16th century.

Spencer
Spencer, Herbert

Born: April 27, 1820, Derby
[Died] December 8, 1903, Brighton. British philosopher. He had doubts about the state of school education, and instead of going to university, he studied on his own. After working as a school teacher in Derby for three months, he became a railway engineer from 1837 to 1841. He then worked as a reporter for the Pilot newspaper, and in 1848 became the deputy editor of the economic magazine The Economist. In 1853, he inherited an uncle's estate, and retired, after which he began his life as a writer. He remained single all his life, and never taught at a university, but ended up as a private scholar. He took the position of evolutionary theory, and in his 10-volume magnum opus The Synthetic Philosophy (1862-1896) he conceived of philosophy as a broad body of knowledge. Philosophically, he took an agnostic position, and attempted to fuse philosophy, science, and religion. In sociological terms, he had already written Social Statics (51), but advocated the theory of social organism. In Japan, his ideas were accepted by scholars such as Shoichi Toyama and activists of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement such as Taisuke Itagaki, and his "Social Statics" was translated into Japanese by Yukio Ozaki as "Gonri Teiko" (72, revised 82), and by Takeshi Matsushima as "Social Equality Theory" (81), among others. His other works include "Education" (61), "The Study of Sociology" (73), and "An Autobiography" (1904).

Spencer
Spencer, Sir Stanley

Born June 30, 1891 in Cookham, Berkshire
[Died] December 14, 1959, Buckinghamshire British painter. Studied at the Slade School of Art. He painted many realistic landscapes and genre paintings, all of which have a highly religious content. His representative works include Resurrection (1928-29), a highly mystical and symbolic work depicting the resurrection of a soldier killed in battle. He was elected a member of the Royal Academician in 1950, and knighted in 1959.

Spencer
Spencer, John Charles, Viscount Althorp and 3rd Earl of Spencer

Born: May 30, 1782, London
[Died] October 1, 1845. British politician from Clayworth, Nottinghamshire. After graduating from Cambridge University, he joined the Progressive Whig faction as a member of the House of Commons (1804-34). He was reluctant to form an alliance between the Canning faction and the Whigs. In 1830 he became the Whig leader in the House of Commons. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the C. Grey cabinet, and was instrumental in getting the Electoral Reform Bill passed through Parliament in 1832. He retired in 1834 after inheriting his peerage.

Spencer
Spencer, Sir Walter Baldwin

Born: 1860. Stratford
[Died] July 14, 1929, Melbourne. British ethnologist. Professor at the University of Melbourne. He worked with F. Gillen on research into the Australian aboriginals. His main work was "The Native Tribes of the Northern Territories of Australia" (1914). He also co-authored "The Native Tribes of Central Australia" (1899).

Spencer
spencer

A short coat worn by European men from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, or an extremely short coat worn by women and children. It is named after the Englishman G. Spencer, who was the first to wear this type of coat. It also refers to an 18th century British wig.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1552頃.ロンドン
[没]1599.1.13. ロンドン
イギリスの詩人。織物商の家に生れ，ケンブリッジ大学に学んだ。在学中から詩作にふけっていたが，卒業後レスター伯の庇護を受け，やがて P.シドニーと親交を結び，文学者のクラブともいうべき「アレオパガス」を興し，詩集『羊飼いの暦』 Shepheardes Calender (1579) によって名をなしたが，レスター伯が女王の不興を買ったため，スペンサーもロンドンを去り，グレー卿の秘書としてアイルランドに渡り (80) ，1588年にはキルコルマン城を得て植民地の高級官吏としてゆうゆうたる文筆生活をおくり，大作『神仙女王』 Faerie Queeneの最初の3卷を 90年に発表した。宮廷に入ることを念願として，友人 W.ローリーの援助を得て 89年にロンドンに戻ったが，その志を得ずしてアイルランドに帰ることになった。その心境を伝える詩が『コリン・クラウト故郷に帰る』 Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (95) である。これと前後して，エリザベス・ボイルとの結婚をみずから祝福した『結婚祝歌』 Epithalamion (95) ，ウースター伯の娘の婚約を祝う『祝婚前曲』 Prothalamion (96) を書いた。その後アイルランドに暴動が起り，彼は公務を帯びてロンドンに滞在中病死をとげた。代表作『神仙女王』は完成をみず，第7卷の断片までを加えたものが 1609年に刊行されたが，その豊麗なイメージと音楽的な韻律によって 16世紀における最大の英詩とされている。

スペンサー
Spencer， Herbert

[生]1820.4.27. ダービー
[没]1903.12.8. ブライトン
イギリスの哲学者。学校教育のあり方に疑問を感じ，大学に入らず，独学であった。ダービーの学校教師を3ヵ月つとめたのち，1837～41年鉄道技師となる。その後，『パイロット』紙の記者を経て，48年経済誌『エコノミスト』の編集次長となったが，53年伯父の遺産を相続したため退職し，以後，著述生活に入った。終生独身で，大学の教壇に立たず，民間の学者として終った。進化論の立場に立ち，10巻から成る大著『総合哲学』 The Synthetic Philosophy (1862～96) で，広範な知識体系としての哲学を構想した。哲学的には，不可知論の立場に立ち，かつ哲学と科学と宗教とを融合しようとした。社会学的には，すでに『社会静学』 Social Statics (51) を著わしたが，社会有機体説を提唱した。日本では，彼の思想は外山正一らの学者と板垣退助らの自由民権運動の活動家に受入れられ，『社会静学』は尾崎行雄により『権理提綱』 (72，改訂 82) として抄訳され，また松島剛 (たけし) により『社会平権論』 (81) として訳されたほか，多数の訳書がある。ほかに『教育論』 Education (61) ，『社会学研究』 The Study of Sociology (73) ，『自叙伝』 An Autobiography (1904) 。

スペンサー
Spencer， Sir Stanley

[生]1891.6.30. バークシャー，クッカム
[没]1959.12.14. バッキンガムシャー
イギリスの画家。スレード美術学校に学ぶ。写実的な風景，風俗画を多く描いたが，いずれもきわめて宗教的な内容を秘めている。代表作に『復活』 (1928～29) などがある。これは戦死した兵士の復活を描いたきわめて神秘的，象徴的なもの。 1950年ロイヤル・アカデミー会員に選ばれ，59年ナイトに叙せられた。

スペンサー
Spencer， John Charles， Viscount Althorp and 3rd Earl of Spencer

[生]1782.5.30. ロンドン
[没]1845.10.1. ノッティンガムシャー，クレーワース近郊
イギリスの政治家。ケンブリッジ大学卒業後，下院議員 (1804～34) としてホイッグ党進歩派に加わる。カニング派とホイッグ党の連合には消極的であった。 1830年からホイッグ党の下院指導者となる。 C.グレー内閣のもとで蔵相をつとめ，32年の選挙法改正案の議会通過に尽力。 34年爵位を継いで引退。

スペンサー
Spencer， Sir Walter Baldwin

[生]1860. ストラトフォード
[没]1929.7.14. メルボルン
イギリスの民族学者。メルボルン大学教授。 F.ギレンとともにオーストラリア先住民の研究に従事。主著"The Native Tribes of the Northern Territories of Australia" (1914) 。ギレンとの共著に"The Native Tribes of Central Australia" (1899) がある。