Sputnik - Спутник/Sputnik

Japanese: スプートニク - すぷーとにく(英語表記)Спутник/Sputnik
Sputnik - Спутник/Sputnik

The name of the world's first artificial satellite. It was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It means "companion" in Russian. The first satellite was a metal sphere with a diameter of 58 centimeters and a weight of 83.6 kilograms, with four rod-shaped antennas attached to its surface. It flew in an orbit with a perigee of 228 kilometers, an apogee of 947 kilometers, and an inclination of 65.2 degrees, with a period of 96.2 minutes, while transmitting measurements of internal temperature, pressure, etc.

1957 was the third International Geophysical Year, and geophysical scientists from around the world were working together to carry out comprehensive Earth observations. The United States had announced that it would use artificial satellites as part of this effort, but the sudden success of the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik outwitted them. The theory that an object launched parallel to the Earth's surface at a speed of 7.9 kilometers per second or more using a rocket would become an artificial satellite and fly around the Earth forever had been known for some time, but since many people had doubts about whether this could actually be realized, this event was enough to astonish people around the world. As a result, humanity expanded the space of its activities from about 10 kilometers above the ground to more than ten times that size in one fell swoop, and the term space development came into widespread use thereafter.

Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957, carrying a dog, demonstrating the Soviet Union's interest in biological activity in outer space. The final Sputnik, Sputnik 3, was launched on May 15, 1958. It was heavy, weighing 1,327 kilograms, and was equipped with instruments to observe atmospheric composition, the Earth's magnetic field, solar radiation, and other subjects, and was called a flying laboratory.

[Tatsuo Takeuchi]

[Reference] | Satellite
Sputnik 1
The world's first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union (now Russia) on October 4, 1957. It had a diameter of 58 cm and weighed 83.6 kg. Its surface was made of aluminum alloy and had four antennas attached. The photo is a replica ©NASA ">

Sputnik 1


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人類最初の人工衛星の名。1957年10月4日ソ連が打ち上げた。ロシア語で「随伴者」の意味である。第1号は直径58センチメートル、重量83.6キログラムの金属球で、表面に4本の棒状アンテナが取り付けられており、内部温度や圧力などの測定値を送信しながら、近地点228キロメートル、遠地点947キロメートル、軌道傾斜角65.2度の軌道上を周期96.2分で飛び続けた。

 1957年は第3回の国際地球観測年にあたり、世界中の地球物理関係の科学者が協力して総合的に地球の観測を行う計画があり、アメリカはその一環として人工衛星を用いて観測を行うことを発表していたが、ソ連の突然のスプートニクの打上げ成功は、これを出し抜いたものであった。ロケットを用いて毎秒7.9キロメートル以上の速度で地球表面に平行に打ち上げられた物体は、人工の衛星となって永久に地球の周りを飛び続けるという理論は以前から知られていたが、その実現については疑問視している人も多かっただけに、世界の人々を驚かせるに十分なできごとであった。これによって人類は、その活動の空間を地上約10キロメートルから一挙に10倍以上に広げ、以降宇宙開発ということばが広く用いられるようになった。

 スプートニク2号は、1957年11月3日に犬を乗せて打ち上げられ、ソ連が宇宙空間における生物の活動に関心のあることを示した。また最終のスプートニクとなった第3号は1958年5月15日に打ち上げられたが、総重量1327キログラムという重いものであり、大気組成、地球磁場、太陽放射などの観測装置を備え、空飛ぶ実験室とよばれた。

[竹内端夫]

[参照項目] | 人工衛星
スプートニク1号
1957年10月4日、ソ連(現、ロシア)により打ち上げられた世界初の人工衛星。直径58cm、重量83.6kg。表面はアルミ合金製で、4本のアンテナが取り付けられていた。写真はレプリカ©NASA">

スプートニク1号


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