Spirochete - Spirochete

Japanese: スピロヘータ - すぴろへーた
Spirochete - Spirochete

A genus of filamentous, flexible, spiral-shaped single-celled bacteria in the order Spirochaetales. It is 5-250 micrometers long and 0.2-0.75 micrometers wide (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter), and is anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. It usually produces carotenoid pigments. Its cell wall is flexible, and the cells rotate very quickly around their axis as the cell wall expands and contracts. It lives in sludge, sewage, and wastewater containing hydrogen sulfide, and is not parasitic. It is one of the chemosynthetic organic oxidation organisms, and has the ability to ferment carbohydrates.

Generally, the term spirochete refers to the pathogenic Treponema genus (a genus in the order Spirochetales), but this is a misnomer from a taxonomic perspective. The most well-known of the Treponema genus is the syphilis bacterium T. pallidum , which is smaller than spirochetes, measuring 6-20 nanometers in length and 0.13-0.15 nanometers in width (1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter). In addition, the fact that the tip of the cell is sharp and that there are several flagella on both ends clearly differs from the characteristics of the Spirochete genus. Another major difference is that the Treponema genus is obligately parasitic on animals. In particular, the syphilis bacterium is highly pathogenic to humans.

[Masami Soneda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

糸状で屈曲性のある螺旋(らせん)状の単細胞の細菌で、スピロヘータ目の1属。長さ5~250マイクロメートル、幅0.2~0.75マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)で、嫌気性または通性嫌気性である。通常、カロチノイド色素を生産する。細胞壁は柔軟で、細胞は細胞壁の伸縮とともに軸を中心とする非常に速い回転運動を行う。硫化水素を含んだ汚泥や汚水・廃水中に生活し、寄生性はない。化学合成有機酸化生物の一つで、炭水化物を発酵させる性質をもつ。

 なお、一般にスピロヘータという場合は、病原性のあるトレポネマ属Treponema(スピロヘータ目の1属)をさして使われるが、分類学的には誤用といえる。トレポネマ属のうち、とくに有名なのが梅毒菌T. pallidumで、この細菌は長さ6~20ナノメートル、幅0.13~0.15ナノメートル(1ナノメートルは10億分の1メートル)とスピロヘータより小形である。また、細胞の先端がとがり、両端に数本の鞭毛(べんもう)がある点もスピロヘータ属の性質と明らかに異なっている。もう一つの大きな相違点は、トレポネマ属が動物に対して絶対寄生性をもつことである。とりわけ、梅毒菌はヒトに対して強い病原性を示す。

[曽根田正己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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