(1) This law states that when a hard sphere of radius r moves at a speed U in a viscous fluid with viscosity η, the sphere experiences resistance of magnitude F = 6πηrU . This law has been found to match experimental results well when the Reynolds number R = ρ rU /η (ρ is the fluid density) is less than 1. For example, when raindrops fall from the sky, they experience air resistance according to Stokes' law. Because resistance is proportional to speed, the speed of raindrops cannot exceed a certain value (5 to 50 km/s). For this reason, we do not feel pain from raindrops, no matter how high they fall from. (2) When light is shone on a certain specific substance, it may emit light that is different from thermal radiation. Substances that stop emitting light when the light is turned off are called fluorescent substances, and substances that continue to emit light for a while are called phosphorescent substances. In both cases, the wavelength of the emitted light (called Stokes lines) is generally longer than the wavelength of the light that was shone on it, and this is called Stokes' law of phosphorescence. There are exceptions to this, and when the wavelength of the emitted light is shorter than the incident light, it is called the anti-Stokes line. [Ryo Ikeuchi] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
(1)半径rの剛体球が、粘性率ηの粘性流体中を速度Uで運動するとき、球は、F=6πηrUの大きさの抵抗を受けるという法則。この法則は、レイノルズ数R=ρrU/η(ρは流体の密度)が1より小さい場合に、実験結果とよく一致することがわかっている。たとえば、雨滴が空から落下してくるとき、雨滴はストークスの法則に従った空気抵抗を受ける。抵抗は速度に比例しているため、雨滴の速度はある一定の値(5~50km/s)以上にはならない。このため、いかに高いところから落ちてきても私たちは雨滴を痛く感じないのである。 (2)ある特有の物質では、光を当てたとき、温度放射とは異なる光を発することがある。当てる光を消したとき、発光が止まる物質を蛍光体とよび、なおしばらく発光の続く物質を燐光(りんこう)体とよぶ。このいずれも、当てた光の波長よりも発光した光(これをストークス線という)の波長のほうが長いのが一般的であり、これをストークスの蛍燐の法則という。この例外もあり、入射光より発光した光のほうが波長が短い場合を、反ストークス線とよぶ。 [池内 了] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet
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