Fractional share - Hakabu

Japanese: 端株 - はかぶ
Fractional share - Hakabu

Fractional shares under the old Commercial Code are fractions of registered shares that are less than one share and are an integral multiple of one-hundredth of a share. This system was introduced by the Commercial Code amendment in 1981 (Showa 56) and abolished by the enactment of the Companies Act in 2005 (Heisei 17). The 1981 amendment raised the unit of stock to 50,000 yen or more, which resulted in a significant increase in the economic value of fractional shares. For example, 999 shares of a stock with a par value of 50 yen would be a fractional share of less than one share. Ignoring fractional shares would be extremely unprotected for shareholders, so this system was approved to promote the interests of fractional shareholders. In other words, it was a system that balanced the reduction of shareholder management costs and the protection of fractional shareholders. Fractional shares arise when a fractional share of one-hundredth of a share is generated in relation to already issued shares as a result of the issuance, consolidation, or division of shares. In this case, the company will in principle record the statutory details in the odd lot register and issue odd lot certificates upon the request of the odd lot shareholder, but shareholder rights are limited to self-interest rights. However, the odd lot system and the unit share system have the same purpose, and in reality the unit share system is more commonly used. In light of this, the Companies Act enacted in 2005 abolished the odd lot system and provided for monetary settlement when fractional shares are generated (Article 234 of the Companies Act). However, the abolition of the odd lot system has the risk of making it easier for minority shareholders to be locked out of the company as a result of their shares being reduced to fractional amounts through share consolidation.

In financial instruments trading, this refers to shares that do not meet the minimum trading unit of a financial instruments exchange. They are also called shares less than a trading unit, shares less than a trading unit, or shares less than one unit. Currently, there are eight different trading units in Japan's financial instruments exchanges. There are discussions about standardizing trading units, with the aim of improving investor convenience and preventing erroneous orders.

[Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara]

[Reference] | Stocks | Unit stock system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

旧商法上の端株は、記名株式の1株に満たない端数で、1株の100分の1の整数倍にあたるもの。1981年(昭和56)の商法改正により導入され、2005年(平成17)の会社法制定により廃止された制度。1981年改正法により、株式の単位が5万円以上に引き上げられた結果、1株に満たない端数の経済的価値が相当大きくなった。たとえば、従来の50円額面の株式の999株に相当するものも、1株未満の端数になってしまう。この端数を無視することは、著しく株主保護に欠けるので、端数株主の利益を図るために認められた制度である。すなわち、株主管理コストの軽減と端株主の保護とを調整した制度であった。端株は、株式の発行、併合または分割によって、既発行の株式に関連して、1株の100分の1の端数が生じたときに発生する。この場合、会社は原則として端株原簿に法定記載事項を記載し、端株主の請求により端株券を発行するが、株主権は自益権に限られて認められた。ただ、端株制度と単元株制度とは制度趣旨が共通しており、しかも現実には単元株制度のほうが多用されている現実を踏まえ、2005年制定の会社法では端株制度を廃止し、株式の端数が出たときには金銭処理を行うこととした(会社法234条)。なお、端株制度が廃止されたことにより、株式併合によって少数派株主の株式が端数にされた結果、会社からの締出しを容易にしてしまった危険性も存在する。

 なお、金融商品取引では、金融商品取引所の最小売買単位に満たない株式をいう。売買単位未満株、取引単位未満株、単元未満株とも称される。現在、日本の金融商品取引所では8種類の売買単位が存在している。投資家の使い勝手のよさの向上、誤発注の防止などを目ざし、売買単位の統一が議論されている。

[戸田修三・福原紀彦]

[参照項目] | 株式 | 単元株制度

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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