When a family member runs away from the home without the permission of the other family members. There are also cases such as running away from foster homes that do not strictly fit the above definition but have become a major social problem. The definition of "family" or "home" may not be uniform depending on the era or culture, but in any case, it is still a social pathological phenomenon surrounding "family" or "home," so the broad framework of understanding withdrawal from "home" or "family" relationships is still valid today. [Yuji Takenaka] Types of running away from homeThere are many classifications of types of running away, and most of them are organized according to the motive for running away, the will to run away and return home, personality tendencies, background problems the person has, age group, etc. For example, there are types that are common across time, age, and gender, such as the "escapism type" where dissatisfaction and conflict at home, school, or work make the person unable to bear the current situation and try to escape from it, the "sympathy type" where the person sympathizes with the troubles and misfortunes of friends even though they themselves have no problems with their family relationships, and the "desire fulfillment type" where the person runs away to fulfill some kind of desire, such as being fed up with a dull life or longing for the city, even though they have few problems with their family relationships themselves. On the other hand, there are types such as "psychopathological type," "migrant worker abandonment type," and "delinquent relationship type," where the social response to the problematic issues changes with the times, or where such behavioral patterns are no longer adopted due to social changes, and it is necessary to classify and understand them according to the historical background. However, it is widely acknowledged that there are limitations to the statistics on running away from home themselves, which in turn imposes certain limitations on the analysis, and that running away from home is not due to a single factor but is the result of a combination of various circumstances, so caution is required. Furthermore, running away from home has often been discussed together with other phenomena such as disappearance and staying out overnight without permission. In modern times, the "society without ties" in which people have no groups to belong to and are isolated, as well as social withdrawal, are being recognized as new social pathological phenomena. Running away from home can be said to have similar problems in that it is either an active choice to leave group relationships, or a situation in which one is forced into having no choice but to do so. Furthermore, it has long been said that suicide, which has become a major social issue since the 2000s, is closely related to running away from home, and it is a problem that cannot be ignored from a social pathological perspective. [Yuji Takenaka] The reality of running away from homeSince 2010, the National Police Agency has changed the name of the search for "runaways" to "missing persons" in order to deal with the social situation of increasing isolation and social isolation. From 2001 to 2003, the number of missing persons reports received by the police exceeded 100,000 per year, but in 2011, this figure was 81,643, showing a steady downward trend. By gender, men have outnumbered women since 1982, and in 2011, men made up 62.5%, or about 20,000 more than women, but since around 1999, the difference has remained at around 20,000. By age, the largest number of people were 19 or younger, at 19,056 (23.3% of the total), followed by those aged 70 or older, those in their 20s, and those in their 30s. Looking at this in terms of population ratio, the order is 20's, 19 and under, 70 and over, and 30's. While other age groups are on a downward trend, only the 70 and over age group is on the rise. The problem with the reasons and motives for running away from home is that many of them are listed as "other" due to the nature of the documents used for missing person requests, but overall, family-related reasons are more prevalent across gender and age groups. In the past, motives were classified by gender, but this is not the case in the 2011 data. It is easy to surmise that the high number of runaways over 70 years old is due to the overall aging of society. The high number of runaways under 19 years old is thought to be due to the spread of mobile phones, Internet cafes, and dating sites, with some people searching for someone to provide them with housing and food, a practice known as "waiting for a god." In addition, there are cases of "mini-runaways" who repeatedly run away for short periods of time, or who earn a living by committing theft or robbery, or working in illegal businesses at a young age, which are closely related to trends in delinquency in general. [Yuji Takenaka] "Runaway Counseling, by Ichioka Norizo and Fujimoto Kazuo (1974, Taisei Publishing)" ▽ "Runaway: A Record of the Vivid Facts, by Koseki Ishio (1975, Nihon Keizai Tsushinsha)" ▽ "Research on Running Away, edited by Takeuchi Ikuro (1993, Toyo University Institute of Sociology)" ▽ "Homeless Girls: The Tragic Sexuality and Lives of 18 Teenage Runaway Girls, by Suzuki Daisuke (2008, Takarajimasha)" ▽ "Handbook of Issues in Family Sociology, edited by Nonoyama Hisaya (2009, Sekaishisosha)" ▽ "Homeless Boys: The Ruthless Survival of Boys Unwanted by Their Parents, by Suzuki Daisuke (2011, Ohta Publishing)" [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家族成員の誰かが他の家族成員に無断で家庭から抜け出ること。なお、養護施設からの家出のように、厳密な意味では上記定義に当てはまらないものの、社会的に大きな問題となっている例もみられる。そもそも「家族」や「家庭」の定義が時代や文化によって一様ではないこともあるが、いずれの場合もやはり「家族」や「家庭」をめぐる社会病理現象である点で、「家庭」や「家族」関係からの離脱という大きな理解枠組み自体は現代でも有効であるといえる。 [竹中祐二] 家出の型家出の型についてはさまざまな分類が論じられており、その多くは、家出の動機、家出および帰宅の意志、性格傾向、当事者が抱える問題背景、年齢層等によって整理されている。たとえば、家庭、学校、職場での不満や葛藤(かっとう)が高じて現状に耐えられず、そこから逃れようとする「現状逃避型」、自分自身は家庭関係に問題がないのに、友人などの悩みや不幸に同情してなされる「他人同情型」、家庭関係自体には問題は少ないが、味気ない生活に嫌気がさすか、都会に対するあこがれなど、なんらかの欲求充足のためになされる「欲求充足型」など、時代や年齢、性別を超えて共通する類型がある。またその反面、「精神病理型」「出稼ぎ遺棄型」「非行関係型」等のように、問題となる論点をめぐる社会の反応が時代とともに変化しているもの、あるいは社会の変化に伴ってそういった行動様式がとられなくなっているものなどもあり、時代背景に応じた分類と理解が必要である。ただし、家出に関する統計自体に制約があること、それゆえ分析においても一定の限界が生じること、また単一の要因によってではなくさまざまな事情が重なり合った結果として家出が行われること、などの制約を受けることについては広く認められているところであり、注意が必要である。 なお家出は、蒸発、無断外泊等の現象とあわせて論じられることが多かった。現代では帰属集団をもたず孤立する「無縁社会」化や引きこもり等が新たな社会病理現象として認識されてきている。集団関係からの離脱を積極的に選択する、もしくは選択せざるをえない状態に追い込まれるという点では、家出も同様の問題性を有しているといえる。さらに、2000年代以降大きな社会問題となっている自殺について、家出との関係が深い点には古くから言及されており、社会病理学的にはけっして無視できない問題である。 [竹中祐二] 家出の実態2010年(平成22)から、警察庁は捜索等に関する「家出人」という名称を「行方不明者」へと変更し、すでに述べたような孤立化、無縁社会化が進む社会情勢への対応を図っている。2001年から2003年に警察が行方不明者届を受理した人数は年間10万人を超えていたが、2011年には8万1643人となっており、一貫して減少傾向にある。男女別にみると、1982年(昭和57)以来、男が女を上回っており、2011年では男は62.5%と女より約2万人多いが、1999年(平成11)ごろからおおむね2万人前後の差で推移している。年齢別では、19歳以下が1万9056人(全体の23.3%)といちばん多く、次いで70歳以上、20歳代、30歳代の順となっている。これを人口比でみると、20歳代、19歳以下、70歳以上、30歳代の順となっている。他の年代が減少傾向にあるのに対して、70歳以上のみ増加傾向にある。 家出の原因・動機は、捜索願の資料の関係上「その他」が多いのが問題であるが、男女、年齢を通じて全体的には家庭関係が特徴的に多い。過去には性別による動機の分類があったが、2011年のデータでは明らかにされていない。 70歳以上の家出が多いことについては、社会全体の高齢化が影響していることが容易に推測される。19歳以下の家出が多いことについては、携帯電話やインターネット・カフェ、出会い系サイトの普及が影響していると考えられ、「神待ち」と称して住居や食事を提供してもらう相手を探す例がある。その他、「プチ家出」として短期間の家出を繰り返したり、窃盗や強盗、もしくは違法業種への低年齢での従事によって生活費を稼いだりするなど、非行全般の動向とも密接に関係している。 [竹中祐二] 『市岡典三・藤本和男著『家出相談』(1974・大成出版社)』▽『小関石男著『家出――その生々しい事実の記録』(1975・日本経済通信社)』▽『竹内郁郎編『「家出」に関する研究』(1993・東洋大学社会学研究所)』▽『鈴木大介著『家のない少女たち――10代家出少女18人の壮絶な性と生』(2008・宝島社)』▽『野々山久也編『論点ハンドブック家族社会学』(2009・世界思想社)』▽『鈴木大介著『家のない少年たち――親に望まれなかった少年の容赦なきサバイバル』(2011・太田出版)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: EAT - experiments in art and technology
Sakura is an old town in Shioya County in central ...
A type of warp pile fabric (fleece fabric), it is...
…After the war, it played a major role in informi...
A type of direct request by residents recognized b...
A form of complicity, especially in the narrow se...
A formal jacket worn by men in the Philippines. It...
⇒ Miyoshi Yasutsura Source: Kodansha Digital Japan...
…In the early 19th century, esophageal examinatio...
Astronomical and calendar scholar of the late Edo...
Italian physicist and astronomer. One of the foun...
A Chinese book of thought. 68 volumes. Edited by X...
…[Yoshiharu Imaizumi]. … *Some of the terminology...
1911‐87 A Soviet light theatre actor. He graduated...
…He was arrested in 1906, but escaped with the he...
〘 noun 〙 A type of tenant farming. In the manor sy...