Iconography - Zuzo

Japanese: 図像 - ずぞう
Iconography - Zuzo

Japanese Iconography

The iconography used in Japan refers to Buddhist iconography. Buddhist statues, whether sculptures or paintings, are concrete expressions of the main meaning of the sutras. When Mahayana Buddhism was established and Buddhist statues began to be made, the types and characteristics of the statues of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and other attendants became clear, and the expressions of the faces, postures, hands, and feet of Buddhist statues were given a certain form. In particular, when esoteric Buddhism was systematized, the rituals that regulated the form of Buddhist statues became strict. This also brought about changes depending on the region, such as the Western Regions, China, and Korea, and depending on the era. Furthermore, even in China, the meaning of the form of Buddhist statues was interpreted differently, and the same Buddha statue came to be expressed in many different images. For this reason, in Japanese esoteric Buddhism, many images were imported from China and collected, and used as one of the means of studying esoteric Buddhism. As esoteric Buddhism became popular, influential temples in Japan made an effort to collect copies of images, and from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period, collections of images and writings on research began to be made. Representative works include "Jukansho", "Asahabakusho", and "Kakuzensho", and are still first-class sources for iconography research today. The Society for Esoteric Buddhism Iconography was formed in September 1982 (Showa 57) by people from various fields such as art history, esoteric Buddhism, and Buddhist studies as a research group in Japan focusing on esoteric Buddhism iconography, with a focus on Buddhism in the Asian region. Its office is located at Shuchiin University in Kyoto, and it publishes the academic journal "Esoteric Buddhism Iconography".

[Shinichi Nagai]

Iconography

In the field of Western art history, the word "image" refers to the meanings, such as themes and symbols, of visual artworks. Iconography (or iconology) is one methodology of art history that deals with images. Iconography began to be used in 17th-century Italy as a term for the study of the recognition of portraits on coins and medals, i.e. heraldry. However, the establishment of iconography as an art historical methodology that studies the historical development of themes represented in art and the accompanying changes in meaning is largely due to the achievements of the French medieval art historian Emile Mâle (1862-1954).

If we were to distinguish between iconography and iconology, it would be iconology versus iconology. Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968) said that iconography deals with the subject and meaning of artworks, while iconology is "iconography in a deeper sense," that is, it deals with interpretation. However, the two terms are often used interchangeably up to this day. Iconological methodology also began with the research of the German Aby Warburg (1866-1929).

[Natori Shiro]

[References] | Iconography | Panofsky | Esoteric Art

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本の図像研究

日本で使われている図像とは仏教図像をさす。仏像は、彫刻・絵画を問わず経典の本旨を具体的に表現したものであるから、大乗仏教が成立し仏像がつくられるようになると、仏・菩薩(ぼさつ)その他眷属(けんぞく)の諸像の種類と性格が明確になり、仏像の面相、姿、手や足の表現法に一定の形式が与えられ、とくに密教が体系づけられると、仏像の形式を規定する儀軌(ぎき)が厳格になってきた。それはまた、西域(せいいき)、中国、朝鮮など地域により、あるいは時代によって変化をもたらした。そのうえ同じ中国でも、仏像の形式の意味づけに異なった解釈が行われたり、同じ仏像でも多くの異なった図像に表されるようになった。そのため日本の密教では、中国から多くの図像を輸入して集め、密教研究の手段の一つとした。密教が盛んになると、わが国の有力寺院では図像の模写収集に努め、平安時代末から鎌倉時代にかけて図像の集成と研究の著述が行われるようになった。『十巻抄』『阿娑縛(あさば)抄』『覚禅抄』などはその代表的なもので、現代においても図像研究の第一級の資料である。日本におけるアジア地域の仏教を中心にした密教図像の研究団体として、1982年(昭和57)9月に美術史、密教学、仏教学などさまざまの領域の人たちによって密教図像学会が結成され、事務所は、京都の種智院(しゅちいん)大学に置かれ、学会誌『密教図像』が刊行されている。

[永井信一]

図像学

西洋美術史の領域で使われる図像ということばは、視覚芸術作品がもつ主題や象徴といった意味内容をさす。そしてこの図像を扱う美術史の一方法論が、図像学(イコノグラフィーiconography、あるいはイコノロジーiconology)である。イコノグラフィーは、17世紀イタリアで、貨幣やメダルの肖像の認知の学問、つまり紋章学をさすことばとして使われ始めたものであった。しかし美術に表された主題の歴史的展開や、それに伴う意味の変遷を研究する美術史の方法論としての図像学の確立は、フランスの中世美術史家のエミール・マールEmile Mâle(1862―1954)の功績に負うところが大きい。

 イコノグラフィーとイコノロジーをしいて区別すれば、図像学に対する図像解釈学となる。エルビン・パノフスキー(1892―1968)は、イコノグラフィーは美術作品の主題と意味を取り扱うもので、イコノロジーは「もっと深い意味におけるイコノグラフィー」、つまり解釈を取り扱うものとしている。しかし現在に至るまで二つの用語はしばしば混同して用いられている場合が多い。また、イコノロジー的方法論はドイツのアビ・ワールブルクAby Warburg(1866―1929)の研究が出発点となっている。

[名取四郎]

[参照項目] | 図像学 | パノフスキー | 密教美術

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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