Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, located in northern Europe, are generally referred to as Scandinavia. However, there is no strict definition, and for convenience, in the narrow sense, it is referred to as these three countries, and in the broad sense, it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with "Northern Europe" and includes Finland and Iceland. The following explains Scandinavia in the narrow sense. The word is said to have been derived from the Latin spelling of Scandia, the name of the region of Skåne in southern Sweden. The population of the three countries is about 18.78 million (2001), and the area is about 817,000 square kilometers. The Scandinavian Peninsula is located west of the center, and the 2,000-meter-high Scandinavian Mountains, made of Paleozoic strata, form the central and northern border between Norway and Sweden. During the Pleistocene glacial age, the center of the ice sheet was located on the Gulf of Bothnia, and the ice sheet expanded from there, eroding the mountain range, forming a U-shaped valley in the plateau-like mountainous area on the west side of the mountain range, where the sea level rose and a fjord was formed. A long and narrow glacial lake was formed on the eastern slope, but in the outer areas where the topsoil was carried away by erosion, hills and countless lakes appeared, and as a result, a plain was formed in the southern part of the peninsula. In the western part of the peninsula, the temperature is mild in winter for its high latitude due to the influence of warm currents, but inland and the eastern part, which is influenced by continental air masses, are cold. The three Scandinavian countries were founded in the Viking era (late 8th century to mid-11th century) by North Germanic peoples, the Sveans (including the Geats), the Danes, and the Norwegians, and were known for overseas trade. Christianity was introduced around the 10th century, and the current three countries were formed, but in 1397 the Kalmar Union was established and Denmark took control. Sweden succeeded in gaining independence from Denmark in 1523, but Norway was ruled by Denmark until 1814. Norway was then further placed under Swedish control under the name of personal union, but gained independence in 1905. All three countries were able to maintain neutrality during World War I, but both Denmark and Norway were occupied by Germany during World War II, and after the war, both countries joined NATO. The Nordic Council was established in 1953, and has promoted cooperation in various fields, including society, economy, culture, transportation, communication, and law, by enabling movement, employment, and social insurance within the region (including Iceland; Finland joined in 1955). Denmark joined the EC (European Community), the predecessor of the EU (European Union), in 1973, and Sweden and Finland joined the EU in 1995, but the cooperative relationship between the Nordic countries has not changed. The languages used are of the same etymological family, Nordic, and although the pronunciation of each language differs, they can fully understand each other's written language. The currencies are different, but are called the common name of the krone (more precisely, the krona in Sweden). The flags of all three countries feature a left-leaning cross, called the "Scandinavian Cross." [Murai Masato] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヨーロッパ北部に位置するデンマーク、ノルウェー、スウェーデンは一般にスカンジナビアとよばれる。しかし厳密な規定はなく、便宜上、狭義にはこの3国とし、広義には「北欧」と同義とみてフィンランド、アイスランドを含める場合もある。以下は狭義のスカンジナビアについて解説する。 語源はスウェーデン南部スコーネSkåne地方のラテン語綴(つづ)りスカンディアScandiaから転じたものといわれる。3国の人口は約1878万人(2001)、面積約81万7000平方キロメートル。スカンジナビア半島は中央より西寄りに古生層からなる2000メートル級のスカンジナビア山脈を配し、これがノルウェーとスウェーデンの中・北部国境となっている。更新世(洪積世)の氷河時代に氷床の中心がボスニア湾上にあったため、そこから拡大した氷床によって山脈は侵食を受け、山脈の西側は高原状の山地にU字谷ができ、そこに海進がおこってフィヨルドができた。東側斜面には細長い氷河湖が生まれたが、浸食作用によって表土が持ち去られた外側の地域には丘陵と無数の湖水が出現し、その結果半島の南部には平野が形成された。気温は、半島西部では暖流の影響を受けて高緯度のわりには冬は温暖であるが、内陸部と大陸性気団の影響を受ける東部は寒冷である。 スカンジナビア三国はビーキング(バイキング)時代(8世紀末~11世紀なかば)に北ゲルマン系のスベア人(イェート人を含む)、デーン人、ノルウェー人によってそれぞれ国家の発生をみ、海外交易で知られた。10世紀前後にキリスト教が渡来し、現在の3国が形成されたが、1397年にカルマル連合が成立し、デンマークが支配権を握った。1523年にスウェーデンはデンマークからの独立に成功したが、ノルウェーは1814年までデンマークの支配を受けた。ノルウェーはその後さらに同君連合の名のもとにスウェーデンの支配下に置かれたが、1905年に独立した。第一次世界大戦では3国とも中立を保持できたが、デンマーク、ノルウェー両国は第二次世界大戦でドイツの占領下に置かれ、戦後、その2国はNATO(ナトー)に加入している。1953年に北欧会議(Nordic Council)が発足し、域内(アイスランドを含む。フィンランドは1955年に加盟)で移動、就業、社会保険の受理が可能となるなど、域内の社会、経済、文化、交通・通信、法律などさまざまな分野での協力を進めてきた。デンマークは73年からEU(ヨーロッパ連合)の前身のEC(ヨーロッパ共同体)に、スウェーデン、フィンランドは95年からEUに参加しているものの、北欧各国間の協力関係は変わっていない。言語は語源的に共通のノルド語系の言語を使用し、各国語の話しことばは発音がそれぞれ異なるが、書きことばでは十分に理解しあえる。通貨はそれぞれ異なるが、名称はクローネの共通名でよばれる(正確にはスウェーデンではクローナ)。国旗には3国とも左寄りの十字があしらわれ、「スカンジナビア・クロス」とよばれる。 [村井誠人] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Scandinavian Airlines [company] - Scandinavian Airlines
China Shaanxi teacher Southeast of Xi'an Provi...
…reigned 721-710, 703 BC. His correct name is Mar...
...By the way, it is important that the Kitabatak...
...A general term for a structure that crosses an...
An event where many films are gathered together a...
...The Fiji Iguana, Brachylophus fasciatus , is a...
A swordsman from the end of the Edo period to the...
A student-led, organized movement against student...
Bamboos and bamboos of the grass family (APG clas...
A semi-monastic order of women that originated in ...
This Japanese sweet is manufactured and sold by Ki...
Drugs that suppress coughs. Coughs can be caused b...
…General term for arthropods belonging to the ord...
① A type of Western confectionery. A dough made of...
… borderland continental borderland — an area adj...