The word "sublime" is considered to be one of the aesthetic categories that have developed since the modern era, but its origins lie in the terminology of ancient rhetoric. In classical rhetoric, three styles were distinguished, and the most elegant style was called the "hypsos" (Greek). The classic work on this concept is On the Sublime, written around the 1st century by Pseudo-Longinos. Noting that eulogistic writing often falls into superficial exaggeration with no substance, the author argues that true "elevation" is above all an expression of the nobility of the writer's spirit, praises the power of genius supported by inspiration, and discusses the rhetorical techniques used to achieve this, while talking about the effect of strong emotions that fascinate the listener or reader. This book became a true classic when the French writer Boileau published a French translation of it in 1674. In addition to defining the word "sublime," which would come to mean sublime in both French and English, Boileau also emphasized in the preface to his translation that the sublime that the original author meant was different from the eulogistic style as a type of writing, and was not an exaggerated expression but a greatness of mind reflected in concise words. [Kenichi Sasaki] The sublime in English literatureUnder the influence of Boileau's translation, the 18th century theory of the sublime changed its character from stylistic theory to aesthetic category theory, and the sublime became an important concept in aesthetics. The first country to contribute to this development was England. First, English literary critics found it appropriate to understand the world of Shakespeare and Milton in terms of the sublime, and found the uniqueness of English literature in that. Second, the English, who were early to open their eyes to the beauty of nature, recognized the sublime in it. Already in the early 18th century, Addison analyzed the sense of wonder experienced in front of landscapes such as the great plains, oceans, and mountains. It was E. Burke, also an Englishman, who delved into the uniqueness of the sublime, contrasted it with beauty in the narrow sense, and established it as two basic aesthetic categories. He related beauty and the sublime to pleasure and pain, and based them on sociality and the instinct for self-preservation. The sublime is felt when we perceive danger and infinity in a safe state. In the romantic trend that was already showing signs, infinity became the essential catalyst for the sublime. [Kenichi Sasaki] The sublime in German aestheticsBuilding on Burke, Kant left the most important research on the sublime as an aesthetic category. While distinguishing between the mathematical sublime, which is related to size, and the mechanical sublime, which is related to power, Kant considered the fundamental characteristic of the sublime to be that its size and power are overwhelming and cannot be grasped by us. The sublime is the emotion of experiencing the infinite in the things of the senses, and here Kant saw the possibility of combining nature and freedom. The tragic poet Schiller recognized in the "sublime" a moral function that infinitely enhances human freedom, and saw this as embodied by the protagonist of a tragedy. In this way of thinking, the sublime coincides with the tragic. Furthermore, the ideas of Herder and Schelling, who rejected the qualitative distinction between the sublime and beauty, are consistent with the traditional rhetorical concept and actual terminology that called the highest beauty the sublime. The sublime is essentially a romantic concept, and there has been no theoretical development of note since the second half of the 19th century. [Kenichi Sasaki] "The Origin of the Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful" by E. Burke, translated by Nakano Yoshiyuki (1973, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime" by Kant, translated by Ueno Naoaki (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Critique of Judgment by Kant, translated by Hara Tasuku (1965, Risosha)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, edited by Takeuchi Toshio, Revised Edition (1974, Kobundo)" ▽ "Prospects for Early Modern Aesthetics by Sasaki Kenichi" (included in Lecture Series on Aesthetics I: The History of Aesthetics, 1984, University of Tokyo Press)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
崇高の訳語をもって考えられているのは、近世以後に展開してくる美的範疇(はんちゅう)の一つであるが、その起源は古代の修辞学の用語にある。古典修辞学では三つの文体が区別され、もっとも格調の高い文体をさして高尚体hypsos(ギリシア語)とよんだ。 この概念についての古典的著作は、1世紀ごろ書かれた偽ロンギノスPseudo-Longinos著『崇高論』である。高尚体の文章が往々にして内容のない表面的な誇張に陥っていることをとらえ、著者は、真の「高さ(=崇高)」が、なによりもまず筆者の精神の気高さの表れであるとし、霊感に支えられた天才の力を称揚し、聴き手や読み手の魂を奪う強い感動の効果を語りながら、そのための修辞技法を論じている。この書物が真に古典となったのは、1674年に、フランスの文人ボアローがそのフランス語訳を公にしてからである。フランス語と英語で崇高を表すことになる「sublime」の語をhypsosの訳語として定めたほか、訳に添えた序文においてボアローは、原著者のいう崇高が文体の種類としての高尚体とは異なり、誇張表現ではなく簡潔なことばのなかに映し出された心の偉大さであることを力説した。 [佐々木健一] イギリス文学における崇高このボアローの訳書の影響下に展開される18世紀の崇高論は、決定的に、文体論から美的範疇論へと性格を変え、崇高は重要な美学概念となっていく。その展開に対してまずイギリスが貴重な寄与をなした。一つには、イギリスの文芸評論家たちが、シェークスピアとミルトンの世界を崇高の概念でとらえるのを適切と考え、そこにイギリス文学の独自性をみいだしたということがあり、もう一つには、いち早く自然美に開眼したイギリス人たちがそこに崇高さを認めたということがある。すでに18世紀初頭アジソンは大平原、大海原、山岳などの風景を前にして体験される驚嘆の思いを分析している。崇高の特異性を掘り下げることによって、それを狭義の美と対比し、二つの基本的な美的範疇としてたてたのは、やはりイギリスのE・バークである。彼は美と崇高を快と苦に対応させ、社会性と自己保存本能とに基礎づけた。安全な状態で危険や無限性を知覚するとき感じられるのが崇高である。すでに兆しをみせていたロマン的思潮のなかで、無限性が崇高の本質的契機となる。 [佐々木健一] ドイツ美学における崇高バークを踏まえ、美的範疇としての崇高についてのもっとも重要な研究を残したのはカントである。大きさにかかわる数学的崇高と力にかかわる力学的崇高とを区別しながら、その大きさや力がわれわれにはとらえきれないような圧倒的なものであることを崇高の根本性格とした。感性的なもののなかに無限なものを体験する感動が崇高であり、ここにカントは自然と自由の結合の可能性をみた。悲劇詩人シラーは、人間の自由を無限に高める道徳機能を「崇高」に認め、これを悲劇の主人公の体現するものとしてとらえた。このような思想において崇高は悲劇的なものと符合する。また、崇高を美と質的に区別することを斥(しりぞ)けるヘルダーやシェリングの考えは、最高の美を崇高とよんだ伝統的修辞学の概念や現実の用語法とも合致するところがある。崇高は本質的にロマン的な概念であり、19世紀後半以後にはみるべき理論展開はない。 [佐々木健一] 『E・バーク著、中野好之訳『崇高と美の観念の起源』(1973・みすず書房)』▽『カント著、上野直昭訳『美と崇高との感情性に関する観察』(岩波文庫)』▽『カント著、原佑訳『判断力批判』(1965・理想社)』▽『竹内敏雄編『美学事典』増補版(1974・弘文堂)』▽『佐々木健一著「近世美学の展望」(『講座美学Ⅰ 美学の歴史』所収・1984・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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