A marine fossil animal belonging to the arthropods and class Trilobita. Its body is flat and usually measures 1-10 cm, but some large ones can reach 70 cm (Uralicus, found in the Ordovician layers of Europe). It is called a trilobite because it appears to be made up of three parts, a raised central axis and flat ribs on either side. [Fujiyama Ienori] formThe body is made up of three parts: the head, thorax, and tail. Since these parts separate after death, many fossils only consist of the head and tail. There are also fossils of molted shells. The body is covered with chitin, but the back is hard and forms a carapace. Each part is made up of many segments, and there is a pair of legs on both sides of each segment on the underside of the body. Each leg is bipedal, with the hind legs being walking legs and the front appendages having gills. The head is generally crescent-shaped, with a raised head saddle (gravel) in the middle and cheeks (cheeks) on both sides. In many cases, the cheeks are divided into fixed and free cheeks by a facial line (facial suture), and the shape of this facial line is one of the characteristics of this classification. Many have protrusions (zygomatic spines) on the sides and rear of the head, some of which are much longer than the body length. There is a pair of compound eyes on the head, but some species, such as Agnostina and Cryptolithinae, have lost these, while others, such as Phacopina, have huge compound eyes, and some, such as Cyclopigidae, have both eyes joined together to cover the front of the head. The ommatidia that make up the compound eyes can be seen clearly with the naked eye when they are large. The segments that make up the thorax are movable, and many bend these parts to fold the body in half, or become round like an armadillo. The segments of the tail are fused to form a tail plate, but the tail also has various projections and spines. [Fujiyama Ienori] Development and DifferentiationIt has long been said that horseshoe crabs and trilobites are similar in development, but research into the ontogeny of trilobites has revealed their similarity to primitive crustaceans. When trilobites appeared in the early Paleozoic era, they had already undergone considerable differentiation, but those that flourished in the Cambrian period became extinct by the end of the Cambrian period or the end of the Ordovician period, and were replaced by another group that appeared in the Ordovician period. These groups flourished greatly in the Ordovician and Silurian periods, but declined in the Devonian period, and only a few lineages remained in the Carboniferous and Permian periods, becoming extinct in the middle of the Permian period. Since the decline of trilobites coincided with the prosperity of fish, it is said that one of the reasons for their decline was that they became food for fish. Trilobites differentiated significantly throughout the Paleozoic era, leaving many species, and they became the main standard stone of the Paleozoic era. It is said that there are 1,500 genera and 10,000 species of trilobites recorded to date. Trilobites lived in the seas around the edges of continents, but many of them are said to have crawled on the ocean floor in shallow depths, and fossils of their tracks and burrows have been found. Some lived in slightly deeper waters, some on reefs, and some with degenerated eyes seemed to have burrowed into the mud, while some swam in the sea. Although there are not many trilobite fossils found in Japan, they have been discovered in great numbers and their complete picture has been clarified. Well-known are those from the Silurian period (Yokokurayama, Kochi Prefecture, Mt. Gion, Miyazaki Prefecture, Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture, etc.), the Devonian period (Kitakami Mountains, Okuhida Onsengo Fukuji, Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture, Ise, Ono City, Fukui Prefecture, etc.), the Carboniferous period (Kitakami Mountains, Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Akiyoshidai, Yamaguchi Prefecture, etc.), and the Permian period (Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, Takakurayama, Fukushima Prefecture, etc.). [Fujiyama Ienori] "Kondo Norio and Yoshida Akira, "Evolutionary Biology Library 1: Trilobites of the World" (1996, Shinzansha) " ▽ "Richard Forty, "The Mystery of Trilobites: The Amazing Biology of 'Evolution' Witnesses" (2002, Hayakawa Publishing)" [Reference] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Schematic diagram of trilobite body structure Stumm, Devonian period, Paleozoic, body width approx. 2cm, from Ohio, USA, photo/Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F13098) Phacops Rana Crassitubercula… Delo, Devonian period, body length approx. 4cm, from Oklahoma, USA, photo/Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F13100) Pasiphacops raymondii (trilobite) Green, Devonian period, Paleozoic, body length approx. 3cm, from Ontario, USA, photo/AIST Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F13097) Greenops bootii (trilobite) Hall, Devonian period, Paleozoic, body length approx. 7cm, from Pennsylvania, USA, photo/AIST Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F13108) Odontocephalus aegeria (trilobite) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物に属し、三葉虫綱を構成する海生の化石動物。体は扁平(へんぺい)で、1~10センチメートルのものが普通であるが、大きなものでは70センチメートルに達するもの(ヨーロッパのオルドビス紀層から出たウラリカス)もある。縦方向に、中央の隆起した軸部と左右の平たい肋(ろく)部の3部からなるようにみえるので三葉虫の名がある。 [藤山家徳] 形態体は頭、胸、尾の3部よりなり、死後離れるため、頭部、尾部だけの化石も多い。脱皮殻の化石もある。体はキチン質で覆われるが、背面は固く、背甲をなす。各部は多くの節よりなり、虫体の下面、各節の両側に1対の肢(あし)がある。各肢は二肢型で、後ろの肢が歩脚で、前につく付属肢にはえらがあった。頭部は一般に半月形で、中央部の隆起した頭鞍(とうあん)(グラベラ)と、両側の頬(きょう)(チーク)よりなる。頬は顔線(顔面縫合)により固定頬と自由頬に分かれているものが多く、この顔線の形状が分類の一つの特徴となる。頭部の側後方は突起(頬棘(きょうきょく))をなすものが多く、体長よりはるかに長いものもある。頭部には1対の複眼があるが、アグノスツス類Agnostinaやクリプトリツス類Cryptolithinaeなどこれを失ったものもあり、また、反対にファコプス類Phacopinaのように巨大な複眼をもつもの、シクロピゲ類Cyclopigidaeのように両眼が一つにつながって頭の前面を覆うものまであった。複眼を構成する個眼も大きなものでは肉眼でもよくみえるものがある。胸を構成する各節は可動で、ここを曲げて体を二つに折るものや、アルマジロのように丸くなるものも多かった。尾部の各節は癒合して尾板を形成するが、尾部にもさまざまな突起や棘(とげ)がある。 [藤山家徳] 発生と分化古くから発生学的にみて、カブトガニ類と三葉虫との類縁がいわれているが、三葉虫の個体発生の研究から、原始的な甲殻類との類似が知られるようになった。三葉虫が古生代初期に出現したときにはすでにかなりの分化を遂げていたが、カンブリア紀に栄えたものは同紀末か次のオルドビス紀末までに滅亡し、オルドビス紀になって出現した別のグループがこれにかわる。これらはオルドビス紀、シルル紀に大繁栄したが、デボン紀には衰退に向かい、石炭、ペルム(二畳)両紀には一部の系統のものを残すにすぎず、ペルム紀中ごろに絶滅した。三葉虫の衰退と魚類の繁栄とが期を一にすることから、三葉虫が魚の餌(えさ)になったことが三葉虫衰亡の一因といわれている。三葉虫は古生代を通じ著しく分化して多くの種を残し、古生代の主要な標準化石となっている。現在までに記録された三葉虫は1500属、1万種に上るといわれる。三葉虫は大陸の縁辺の海域に生息していたが、多くのものは深くない海底をはっていたといわれ、そのはい跡や掘った穴の跡の化石もみつかる。なかにはやや深い所にすむもの、礁にいたものもあり、目の退化したものは泥中に潜っていたらしく、海中を遊泳したものもいた。 日本の三葉虫化石の産出は多くはないが、かなり発見されるようになり、その全貌(ぜんぼう)も明らかにされた。シルル紀(高知県横倉山、宮崎県祇園(ぎおん)山、岩手県大船渡(おおふなと)市など)、デボン紀(北上山地、岐阜県高山市奥飛騨温泉郷福地(おくひだおんせんごうふくぢ)、福井県大野市伊勢(いせ)など)、石炭紀(北上山地、新潟県糸魚川(いといがわ)市、山口県秋吉台など)、ペルム紀(宮城県気仙沼(けせんぬま)市、福島県高倉山など)のものなどがよく知られている。 [藤山家徳] 『近藤典生・吉田彰著『進化生研ライブラリー1 世界の三葉虫』(1996・信山社)』▽『リチャード・フォーティ著、垂水雄二訳『三葉虫の謎――「進化の目撃者」の驚くべき生態』(2002・早川書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 三葉虫の体制模式図 Stumm 古生代デボン紀 体幅約2cm アメリカ オハイオ州産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F13098)"> ファコプス・ラナ・クラッシツベルキュラ… Delo 古生代デボン紀 体長約4cm アメリカ オクラホマ州産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F13100)"> パシファコプス・レイモンディ(三葉虫) Green 古生代デボン紀 体長約3cm アメリカ オンタリオ州産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F13097)"> グリーノプス・ブーティ(三葉虫) Hall 古生代デボン紀 体長約7cm アメリカ ペンシルベニア州産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F13108)"> オドントケファルス・アエゲリア(三葉虫… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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