Mercury battery - mercury battery

Japanese: 水銀電池 - すいぎんでんち(英語表記)mercury battery
Mercury battery - mercury battery

A primary battery that uses mercury oxide (HgO) as the positive electrode active material, zinc (Zn) as the negative electrode active material, and a 30-40% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) saturated with zinc oxide (ZnO) as the electrolyte. It was invented by American Samuel Ruben (1900-88) during World War II, and was put into practical use by him and another American, Philip Rogers Mallory, who later founded the Mallory Battery Company (now Duracell, a division of Gillette). It is also called the Ruben cell after the inventor, the RM battery after the initials of both inventors, and the mercury oxide battery. The electromotive reaction is shown below.

(Positive electrode)
HgO+H 2 O+2e - -→Hg+2OH -
(Negative electrode)
Zn+2OH - ―→ZnO+H 2 O+2e -
(whole)
HgO+Zn―→Hg+ZnO
The electromotive force is 1.35 volts, and the energy density is 105-120Wh/kg. Some batteries use sodium hydroxide (NaOH) instead of KOH to improve leakage resistance. They have a large discharge capacity, about 2.5 times that of alkaline manganese batteries and about 1.5 times that of silver oxide batteries.

Mercury batteries have excellent characteristics as a primary battery, such as good temperature characteristics and storage properties, and a flat discharge voltage, and button-type batteries have been used as power sources for hearing aids, watches, cameras, small radios, etc. However, mercury is no longer accepted by society due to its large environmental impact, and mercury batteries, which were specified in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) "Alkaline Primary Batteries" (JIS C 8511-1978), were removed from the standard in the 1993 revision, and are no longer produced. Air batteries (zinc-air batteries), silver oxide batteries, lithium batteries, alkaline button batteries, etc. are used as alternatives.

[Mitsuru Asano]

"Electrochemical Society, ed. Electrochemical Handbook" (2000, Maruzen)

[Reference] | Primary battery | Air battery | Silver oxide battery | Batteries | Lithium batteries
The structure of a mercury battery
©Takashi Aoki

The structure of a mercury battery


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

正極活物質に酸化水銀HgO、負極活物質に亜鉛Zn、電解液に酸化亜鉛ZnOを飽和させた水酸化カリウムKOHの30~40%水溶液を用いた一次電池。第二次世界大戦中にアメリカのルーベンSamuel Ruben(1900―88)によって発明され、彼とアメリカのマロリーPhilip Rogers Malloryによって実用化され、後にマロリー電池社(現デュラセル。ジレット社の一部門を構成している)が設立された。発明者名をとってルーベン電池、また両者の頭文字をとってRM電池、さらに酸化水銀電池ともいわれる。起電反応は以下のように示される。

 (正極)
  HgO+H2O+2e-―→Hg+2OH-
 (負極)
  Zn+2OH-―→ZnO+H2O+2e-
 (全体)
  HgO+Zn―→Hg+ZnO
起電力は1.35ボルト、エネルギー密度は105~120Wh/kgである。KOHのかわりに水酸化ナトリウムNaOHを用いて耐漏液性を改善したものもある。放電容量が大きく、アルカリマンガン電池の約2.5倍、酸化銀電池の約1.5倍ある。

 水銀電池は温度特性や貯蔵性がよく、放電電圧が平坦(へいたん)であるなど一次電池としての特性に優れていて、ボタン形のものが補聴器や腕時計、カメラ、小形ラジオなどの電源に使用されてきた。しかし、水銀は環境負荷が大きいことから社会に受け入れられなくなり、日本工業規格(JIS)の「アルカリ一次電池」(JIS C 8511-1978)で制定されていた水銀電池は、1993年(平成5)の改正により規格から削除され、現在は生産されていない。その代替として空気電池(空気亜鉛電池)、酸化銀電池、リチウム電池、アルカリボタン電池などが使用されている。

[浅野 満]

『電気化学会編『電気化学便覧』(2000・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 一次電池 | 空気電池 | 酸化銀電池 | 電池 | リチウム電池
水銀電池の構造
©青木 隆">

水銀電池の構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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