Friedrich August von Hayek

Japanese: ハイエク - はいえく(英語表記)Friedrich August von Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek

Austrian economist and thinker. Hayek's achievements can be roughly divided into an early period after World War II, which was purely economic, and a later period, in which, while economics was at its core, he went beyond this and developed a wide range of fields, including philosophy, law, politics, psychology, and anthropology, into a major theoretical system in an evolutionary manner without losing the interrelated context. Of course, the seeds of the later period can already be clearly seen in the early period. Nevertheless, the profound and vast theoretical development of the later period is enough to show that Hayek was a great thinker and scholar of the 20th century.

Born in Vienna, after graduating from the University of Vienna, he became director of the Austrian Institute for Economic Research in 1927, and quickly became famous around the world for his theory of monetary economic fluctuations, which he published in 1929. The following year he was invited to the University of London as a visiting professor, and two years later he became a full professor. In 1950 he moved to the University of Chicago, and in 1962 to the University of Freiburg in the former West Germany, and from 1969 to 1977 he was a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg in his native Austria, after which he returned to Freiburg. During that time he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974. As the name of the prize suggests, it was given in recognition of Hayek's purely economic contributions, mainly during his early years.

Hayek's theory, which holds that fluctuations in the relative price system cause economic fluctuations from both monetary and real (production structure) perspectives, is fundamentally different from Keynesian economics, which ignores this issue and conducts so-called macro analysis based mainly on changes in aggregate quantity, and the Hayek-Keynes debate is well known. It is not surprising that a Hayek boom began again with the decline of Keynesian economics. It may be natural that Hayek, who once advocated "neutral money," came to advocate "denationalization of money (abolition of national central banks)" in 1977. However, Hayek was not a "laissez-faire" advocate, but rather advocated "neoliberalism," which holds that new questions must always be answered about what the government should do to further develop a free society and free economy. His major works include Prices and Production (1931), The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), The Road to Serfdom (1944), Individualism and Economic Order (1948), The Sensory Order (1952), The Constitution of Liberty (1960), and Law, Legislation and Liberty (1982).

[Chiaki Nishiyama]

"The Complete Works of Hayek, edited by Chiaki Nishiyama and Junji Yajima, 10 volumes (1986-1990, Shunjusha) " "C. Nishiyama & KR Le KR Leube (ed.), The Essence of Hayek (1984, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストリアの経済学者、思想家。ハイエクの業績を大別すれば、第二次世界大戦を境として、前期の純粋に経済学的時代と、後期の、経済学を核心としながらも、これを超えて哲学、法学、政治学、心理学、人類学等々きわめて広範な分野を、相互間の脈絡を失うことなく、一大理論体系へと進化的evolutionallyに発展させてきた時代とがある。もちろん、後期の萌芽(ほうが)は前期においてすでに明白に見取ることができる。それにしても、後期の深遠で広大な理論的発展は、ハイエクが20世紀における一大思想家であり碩学(せきがく)であることを示して十分である。

 ウィーンに生まれ、ウィーン大学卒業後、1927年オーストリア景気研究所所長となり、29年に発表した貨幣的景気変動論でたちまち世界に令名を馳(は)せ、翌年ロンドン大学へ客員教授として招聘(しょうへい)され、2年後に正教授となった。50年にシカゴ大学へ、62年に旧西ドイツのフライブルク大学へ移り、69年から77年まで母国オーストリアのザルツブルク大学の客員教授となったが、その後ふたたびフライブルク大学へ復帰した。その間、74年にノーベル経済学賞を授与された。賞の名のとおり、ハイエクの主として前期における純粋に経済学的貢献に対するものであった。

 貨幣的側面と実物的(生産構造上の)側面との両面から、相対価格体系の変動が景気の変動を発生させるとするハイエク理論は、この問題を捨象し主として集合量の変化に基づき、いわゆるマクロ的分析を行うケインズ派経済学とは、基本的・対照的に違っており、ハイエク‐ケインズ論争は有名である。ケインズ派の凋落(ちょうらく)とともに、改めてハイエク・ブームが始まったのも不思議ではない。かつて一度は「中立貨幣」を説いたハイエクが、1977年に「貨幣の非国有化論(国立中央銀行撤廃論)」を主張するに至ったのも当然かもしれない。だが、ハイエクは「自由放任論者」ではなく、自由社会や自由経済をよりよく発展させるために、政府は何をしなければならないかを、つねに新しい問題として解答していかなければならないという「新自由主義」を説く。主要な著書としては、『価格と生産』Prices and Production(1931)、『資本の純粋理論』The Pure Theory of Capital(1941)、『隷属への道』The Road to Serfdom(1944)、『個人主義と経済秩序』Individualism and Economic Order(1948)、『感覚秩序』The Sensory Order(1952)、『自由の体質とその原理』The Constitution of Liberty(1960)、『法と立法と自由』Law, Legislation and Liberty(1982)などがある。

[西山千明]

『西山千明・矢島鈞次監修『ハイエク全集』全10巻(1986~90・春秋社)』『C. Nishiyama & K. R. Le K. R. Leube (ed.),The Essence of Hayek (1984, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.)』

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