Pressure politics

Japanese: 圧力政治 - あつりょくせいじ(英語表記)pressure politics
Pressure politics

Pressure groups play a very important role in today's political process. This political situation is called pressure politics, and in the international context, it is called power politics. The background to pressure politics is the "logic of power." In other words, under today's parliamentary politics, the majority rule principle is the deciding principle, and therefore the logic of power has transformed into the "logic of numbers." The number of votes and the number of members are the factors that determine today's politics, and therefore pressure is concentrated on the electoral process mediated by voting. However, pressure politics is a common phenomenon in the everyday political process, and political donations and votes = organizational pressure are typical. When we take an overview of today's political process, the situation of pressure politics is clear. In the process of budget compilation and the process of drafting bills, interest groups and local organizations may put pressure on bureaucrats through political parties and influential members of parliament, or directly lobby the government. In such cases, the demands of weak pressure groups and opposition forces are no longer reflected in budgets, policies, or bills, and the correct feedback of public opinion to the administration becomes counterproductive. The gap in political demands between people (groups) who are overly involved in politics and people (groups) who are indifferent to politics is widening. Groups that have strong channels in the political process (political donations from everyday life and vote-gathering during elections) are more likely to realize their political demands. On the other hand, sudden and scattered political demands do not become pressure, and end up being excluded from political decision-making. Those who exert strong pressure control politics. Pressure is organizational power, which is maintained and expanded by numbers and financial power. Since parliamentary democracy is premised on elections and has majority rule as its basic principle, the "rule of power" represented by the "logic of numbers" is established. In other words, the proposition that "politics is power" is established. And the idea that power in politics is justice cannot be reversed and justice becomes power in today's pressure politics, and there is no basis for the idea that "rational decisions" are made in politics. However, even if the political process is based on power = the rule of numbers, if the ideal of justice is not the goal of politics, we cannot expect politics to be run properly, and pressure politics will naturally have its limits.

[Masayuki Fukuoka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

圧力団体は今日の政治過程においてきわめて重要な役割を担っているが、このような政治状況を圧力政治といい、それは国際状況においては権力政治power politicsとよばれている。この圧力政治の背景にあるのは「力の論理」である。つまり、今日のような議会政治の下では、多数決原理がその決定原理となっており、それゆえ、力の論理は「数の論理」へと転化している。票の数や議員の数が今日の政治を左右する要因となり、したがって、投票を媒介とする選挙過程に集中的に圧力がかけられるのである。しかし、圧力政治は、日常的な政治過程のなかで、一般にみられる現象であり、政治献金や票=組織の圧力は典型的なものとなっている。今日の政治過程を概観すると、圧力政治の状況は明らかである。予算編成の過程や法案作成過程において、利益集団や地方団体が、政党や有力議員を通して官僚に圧力をかけたり、政府に直接働きかけることがある。その際、力の弱い圧力団体や野党勢力の要求などが、予算や政策や法律案に反映しなくなり、行政への民意の正しいフィードバックが逆機能をおこすのである。政治に過重に介入する人(集団)と、政治に無関心でいる人(集団)との間に政治的要求の較差が広がってくる。政治過程の太いパイプ(日常からの政治献金や、選挙のときの票集め)が形成されている集団などでは、政治的要求の実現が高まる。一方、突発的で分散的な政治的要求は圧力とはならず、政治的決定の場において排除される結果となる。圧力が強いものが政治を制する。圧力とは組織力であり、それは数と財力によって維持・拡大される。議会デモクラシーが選挙を前提として、多数決をその基本原理としている以上、「数の論理」に代表される「力の支配」が成立する。つまり「政治は力である」という命題が成立するのである。そして、政治における力が正義であるという発想が、逆転して、正義が力となることは、今日の圧力政治からは期待できないし、政治において「合理的決定」が下されるという根拠は何もない。しかしながら、力=数の支配が政治の過程であっても、正義の理念が政治の目標となっていなければ、政治の正しい運営は期待できないし、圧力政治もおのずから限界が生じよう。

[福岡政行]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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