Shinto Art

Japanese: 神道美術 - しんとうびじゅつ

Art based on the unique Japanese idea of Shintoism. Originally, Shintoism did not worship idols, but instead sought the object of worship in natural objects outside the home. Its religious ceremonies were often simple customs that spread among the general public. However, it was influenced by Buddhism at the end of the Nara period, and artistic elements were gradually added. In particular, in the Heian period, under the influence of esoteric Buddhism, the idea of honji suijaku, which holds that Japanese gods are temporary forms of Indian Buddhas, became popular, and paintings and sculptures were produced in imitation of Buddhism (→ suijaku art). Based on remains and records, the heyday of this is thought to have been the Fujiwara and Kamakura periods. While the influence of Buddhist art was strong in general, shrine architecture showed a relatively independent development during the Heian period, although it was influenced by Buddhist temples, and it is thought to have a connection with Japan's primitive housing. Representative remains include the main hall of Kibitsu Shrine in Okayama (1425) and Tsukufusuma Shrine in Shiga (1602). In painting, there are statues of gods as worship figures, Shinto mandalas imitating Buddhist mandalas, legend-based shrine auspicious paintings and picture scrolls, and genre-based paintings such as festival scenes and shrine front scenes. Relics include the "Statue of Hachiman Doji" (Kuritogean), "Sannogu Mandala" (Baekje Temple), "Kasuga Gongen Genki Emaki" (1309, Imperial Household Agency Sannomaru Shozokan), and "Kumano Pilgrimage Mandala" (Toukei Shrine). There is much room for further study on the relationship with Buddhist paintings and the unique characteristics of Shinto paintings. In sculpture, there are statues of gods as worship figures and the accompanying lion-dogs. Among the relics are the "Hachiman Sanshinzo" (Yakushiji Chinju Hachimangu Shrine), "Tamayorihime" (Yoshino Mikumari Shrine), "Sou-gata Hachiman Statue" (Todaiji Temple, Kaikei), etc. Other art and craft items include swords, bows and arrows, and furnishings.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

日本固有の神祇思想に基づく美術。本来神道は偶像崇拝を行わず，多く崇敬の対象を戸外の自然物に求め，その宗教的行事は素朴な習慣となって民間に伝わることが多かったが，奈良時代の終りには仏教の影響を受け，次第に美術的要素が加わったと思われる。特に平安時代に入って密教の影響で日本の神をインドの仏の仮の姿とする本地垂迹思想が盛んになってからは，仏教にならって絵画や彫刻が盛んに制作されるようになった (→垂迹美術 ) 。その最盛期は遺品や記録から藤原時代，鎌倉時代とみられる。全般に仏教美術の影響が大きいなかで，神社建築は平安時代に仏教伽藍の影響を受けたものの比較的独自の発展を示し，日本の原始住宅との関係も考えられる。その代表的な遺構は岡山，吉備津神社本殿 (1425) ，滋賀，都久夫須麻 (つくふすま) 神社 (1602) など。絵画では礼拝像として神像画，仏教における曼荼羅を模した神道曼荼羅，説話的なものでは神社縁起絵や絵巻類，風俗画的なものでは祭礼図，社頭絵図などがある。遺品は『八幡童子神像』 (栗棘庵) ，『山王宮曼荼羅』 (百済寺) ，『春日権現験記絵巻』 (1309，宮内庁三の丸尚蔵館) ，『熊野参詣曼荼羅絵図』 (闘鶏神社) など。なお仏画との関係や神道絵画独自の性格については考究の余地が多い。彫刻では礼拝像としての神像やこれに付属する狛犬 (こまいぬ) などがある。遺品には『八幡三神像』 (薬師寺鎮守八幡宮) ，『玉依姫』 (吉野水分神社) ，『僧形八幡神像』 (東大寺，快慶作) など。その他工芸美術としては刀剣弓矢，調度品などがある。

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