This refers to the autocratic monarchy of the late Roman Empire after Emperor Diocletian (reigned 284-305). After a period of war, turmoil and confusion known as the "Crisis of the Third Century," the Roman Empire was placed on a completely new foundation under Emperors Diocletian and Constantine (reigned 306-337). This late Roman Empire was a system in which state control and coercion permeated every aspect of society and the economy, not to mention military, administrative and financial affairs, and all residents, institutions and organizations were made to serve the goals of the state. It was a state of a completely different quality from the early imperial period, which established a ruling structure without denying the freedom of Roman citizens in name only. The quality of this state system is best expressed by the autocratic imperial power without any institutional constraints. The position of the emperor towards his subjects was like that of a master (dominus) towards slaves, and in fact the emperor was officially addressed as "our lord" (dominus noster), so the later Roman Empire is called "Dominatus" (autocratic monarchy). This contrasts with the early Roman Empire, which was called "Principatus" (principality), where the emperor was supposed to be the "first person" (princeps) of the citizens. [Masatoshi Ichikawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ディオクレティアヌス帝(在位284~305)以後の後期ローマ帝国の専制君主政をいう。「3世紀の危機」とよばれる、戦争と動揺と混乱の時代を経たローマ帝国は、ディオクレティアヌス帝、コンスタンティヌス帝(在位306~337)によって、まったく新しい基礎のうえに置かれるようになった。この後期ローマ帝国は、軍事、行政、財政はもとより、社会、経済の隅々まで国家の統制と強制が行き渡り、全住民、全制度、全機構をあげて国家の目的のために奉仕させられるように仕組まれた体制であり、ローマ市民の自由をたてまえ上否定することなく支配構造を打ち立てた帝政初期とはまったく質の異なった国家であった。この国家体制の質を端的に表しているものは、なんらの制度的な制約をもたない専制的な皇帝権力である。臣下に対する皇帝の地位は、奴隷に対する主人(ドミヌス)のごときものであり、実際、皇帝に対する正式な呼びかけも「我らの主」dominus nosterと定められていたことから、後期ローマ帝国を「ドミナトゥス(専制君主政)」とよぶ。これは、皇帝が市民の「第一人者」princepsであることをたてまえとした帝政初期を「プリンキパトゥスPrincipatus(元首政)」とよぶことと対(つい)をなしている。 [市川雅俊] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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