Forests created by planting trees for the purpose of industrial timber production. As of 2007, the area of artificial forests in Japan was 10.35 million hectares, accounting for 41% of the total forest area (Forest and Forestry White Paper 2012). In Japan, there were useful tree species for wooden construction such as cedar and cypress, so artificial forests have been created since the feudal period when castle towns were formed. The Yoshino region of Nara Prefecture, famous for its "Yoshino forestry," has been creating artificial forests since the Muromachi period, and the Tenryu region of Shizuoka Prefecture and Hita region of Oita Prefecture, famous for their "cedar forestry," have been creating artificial forests since the Edo period. The creation of artificial forests, which had been done locally, began on a national scale only after the 1950s. As of 2007, more than 90% of the 10.35 million hectares of artificial forests were planted after the 1950s. After the war, artificial forests were created with a high density of three to four times the number of trees at the time of felling, with the aim of hastening the sealing of the trees in the planting area and reducing afforestation costs. Densely planted forests require appropriate tree number management through thinning to avoid intra-species competition, but since the 1970s, thinning has become difficult to implement due to the influence of imported timber. As a result, many artificial forests have become overcrowded, stunted, and vulnerable to meteorological disasters, as thinning has been too late. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) World Forest Resources Assessment (2010), the world's artificial forests increased by an average of 5 million hectares per year from 2005 to 2010 due to international efforts to regenerate tropical forests and new plantations in China and other countries. In the 1990s, forests, mainly tropical forests, continued to decrease by 16 million hectares per year, but since 2005, the decrease has subsided and we have entered an era of forest creation. On the other hand, there are European countries where the conversion of forests to artificial forests has progressed to an extreme degree. According to the FAO document mentioned above, the proportion of artificial forests in the Czech Republic is 99%, in Ireland 89%, and in the UK 77%. Artificial forests are at risk of simplifying the tree species composition of forests and losing the diversity of forest ecosystems. For that reason, excessive artificial forestation weakens the resistance of forests to weather disasters and other factors. [Yamagishi Kiyotaka] "Our Artificial Forests" (2000), edited and published by the National Forestry Improvement and Extension Association ; "The Reality of Artificial Forest Destruction and Water and Soil Runoff" (2008, Iwanami Shoten), edited by Yuichi Onda [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
産業用の木材生産を目的に樹木植栽で造成された森林。2007年(平成19)時点の日本の人工林面積は1035万ヘクタールで、全森林面積の41%に及ぶ(『森林・林業白書』2012年版)。日本には、スギ、ヒノキなどの木造建築用の有用樹種が存在していたこともあって、城下町の形成の行われる封建時代から人工林が造成されてきた。「吉野林業」で有名な奈良県吉野地方は室町時代から、「スギ林業」の産地として有名な静岡県天竜地方や大分県日田(ひた)地方などは江戸時代から人工林の造成が行われてきた。局地的に行われてきた人工林の造成が全国規模で行われるのは1950年代以降である。2007年時点の人工林1035万ヘクタールの9割以上が1950年代以降の造林地からなっている。戦後の人工林の造成は、植栽地の樹木間の密閉を早め造林費の軽減を図ることを目的に、伐採時の立木本数の3倍から4倍にも及ぶ密植方式の植栽を行った。密植された造林地は、樹木の種内競合を避けるために間伐などによる適正な本数管理を必要とするが、1970年代以降は外材輸入の影響を受けて間伐の実施が困難な状況になっている。そのため、人工林の多くは、間伐の手遅れで成長不全で過密化し、気象災害に脆弱(ぜいじゃく)な森林となっている。 国連食糧農業機関(FAO)の『世界森林資源評価』(2010)によると、世界の人工林は、熱帯林再生への国際的な取組みや中国などの新規植林によって2005年から2010年にかけて年平均500万ヘクタール単位で増加したとされる。1990年代は熱帯林を中心に毎年1600万ヘクタールの森林の減少が続いたが、2005年以降は森林の減少も収まり、森林の造成時代に転化した状況になっている。他方、ヨーロッパ諸国のなかには、森林の人工林化が極度に展開した国もみられる。上記のFAO資料によると、チェコでは森林に占める人工林の比率が99%、アイルランドでは89%、イギリスでは77%にも及んでいる。人工林は、森林の樹種構成を単純化し、森林の生態系の多様化を失わせる恐れをもっている。それだけに、過度の人工林化は、気象災害などに対する森林の耐性を脆弱化させるものでもある。 [山岸清隆] 『全国林業改良普及協会編・刊『私たちの人工林』(2000)』▽『恩田裕一編『人工林荒廃と水・土砂流出の実態』(2008・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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