A word that is newly created or newly adopted from a foreign language and has become established as a social custom. A new word that matches the interests and concerns of people at the time and becomes used explosively is called a buzzword, but most of them do not become established and are forgotten. There are three main reasons why a new word is created. (1) Social reasons: When a new thing or concept emerges, a new word is needed to describe it (computer, hydrogen bomb, bullet train, pollution, etc.). (2) Psychological reasons: Words are changed to have a more pleasant form, to create a new image, or to a form that does not evoke something sinister or unclean (such as barber shop → barbershop, nightwear → pajamas, toilet → toilet, closing → okai, mortar → ataribachi, etc.). (3) Linguistic reasons: When mispronunciations become common or new word forms are decided due to restrictions on the use of kanji characters, etc. (Isshokenmei → Isshokenmei, Dokusenjo → Dokudanjo, Tokushoku → Corruption, Yoron → Public Opinion, etc.) New words can be created without relying on any existing system at all, or based on an existing vocabulary system; the former are rare, and most are based on sound symbolism, such as ping-pong. The latter include words borrowed from foreign languages (concert, golf, etc.), revivals of old or obsolete words (economy, common sense, etc.), and combinations or variations of existing words (anpan, katsudon, night game, part-time job, etc.). A huge number of new Chinese words were created at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and most of them are based on the old Chinese system. Many of these, such as "advertising, amount, desire, philosophy," are still in common use today. The creation of this large number of new Chinese words caused a major change in the Japanese vocabulary system, with Chinese words now outnumbering Japanese words. [Hideo Suzuki] "Considerations on New Words" by Shoichi Kamo (1944, Sanseido) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
新しくつくられたり、外国語から新たに取り入れられたりした語で、社会的習慣として確立したもの。そのときどきの人々の関心・興味などに適合して、爆発的に使用される新語は、とくに流行語とよばれるが、その多くは定着することなく忘れ去られてしまう。新語が生ずる理由としては、大きく三つの場合が考えられる。 (1)社会的理由 新しい事物・概念が生じて、それを表す語が新たに必要となった場合(コンピュータ、水爆、新幹線、公害など)。 (2)心理的理由 感じのよい語形に変えたり、新しいイメージを生み出そうとして語形を変えたり、不吉なことや不潔なことを連想させないような語形にしたりする場合(床屋→理髪店→バーバー、寝巻→パジャマ、便所→トイレ、閉会→お開き、すり鉢→当たり鉢など)。 (3)言語的理由 誤読が一般化したり、漢字制限などで新しい語形が決定されたりした場合(一所懸命→一生懸命、独擅場(どくせんじょう)→独壇場(どくだんじょう)、涜職(とくしょく)→汚職、輿論(よろん)→世論など)。 新語をつくるには、既存の体系にまったく依存せずにつくる場合と、既存の語彙(ごい)体系に基づいてつくる場合とがあるが、前者の場合はまれで、ピンポンのように音象徴によるのがほとんどである。後者には、外国語から借用したもの(コンサート、ゴルフなど)、古語や廃語を再生したもの(経済、常識など)、既存の語を結び付けたり変化させたりしたもの(あんパン、カツ丼(どん)、ナイター、バイトなど)などがある。幕末・明治初期には膨大な漢語が新造されたが、そのほとんどは旧来の漢語の体系に基づくものである。それらのなかには「広告、金額、熱望、哲学」など今日でもよく用いられるものも多い。この大量の新漢語の造出によって、日本語の語彙体系は大きく変わり、和語より漢語のほうが多くなった。 [鈴木英夫] 『加茂正一著『新語の考察』(1944・三省堂)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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