Reforming the world - Yonaoshi

Japanese: 世直し - よなおし
Reforming the world - Yonaoshi

It refers to the sense of reform among the people at the end of the Edo period. It is said that this word was originally used by city dwellers to mean a change of fortune. In 1784 (Tenmei 4), Tanuma Okitomo, who wielded great power as a young councilor, was attacked by a samurai named Sano Masakoto (Zenzaemon) in Edo Castle, and the citizens of Edo worshiped Sano as a god of reform. This was because they linked Sano's actions to the drop in rice prices that occurred around this time. After this, Sekai-naoshi Daimyojin appeared in the Bunka era (1804-18) in connection with riots and destruction during the Oka riots in Oita, Bungo, and Sekai-naoshi was also used in the Mikawa Kamo riots (Kamo Ikki) of 1836 (Tenpo 7). In the Meiji Restoration period, the riots and destruction that occurred from 1866 (Keio 2) to the beginning of the Meiji era are particularly called "sekai-naoshi riots." A typical example is the Joshu riots, and the logic was that these riots and destruction were the will of Sekai-naoshi Daimyojin, and that extreme acts such as destruction were acts of punishment on behalf of Sekai-naoshi Daimyojin. The world that Sekai-naoshi aimed for was a world for small producers, where they could engage in stable production activities and live without being unfairly controlled or exploited. This goal was extremely fantastical during the time of the Meiji Restoration, and the idea of ​​a Daimyojin (goddess of world reform) was also extremely naive, but the logic behind it and the violent unrest and destruction that followed led to the decisive collapse of the feudal domain system. Under the new Meiji government, world reform was transformed into a movement directed against the government, but the idea of ​​world reform was systematically rejected due to the government's thorough suppression of the unrest and destruction and the implementation of a new ruling system. However, to a small extent, it was incorporated into the doctrines of popular religions and passed down.

[Junnosuke Sasaki]

"Social Theory at the End of the Tokugawa Period (1969, Hanawa Shobo)" by Junnosuke Sasaki ; "Reforming the World (Iwanami Shinsho)" by Junnosuke Sasaki

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

幕末期の民衆の変革意識をいう。この語はもともと、都市民の間に縁起直しの意味で使われていたといわれる。1784年(天明4)若年寄(わかどしより)として権勢を振るっていた田沼意知(たぬまおきとも)が江戸城中で旗本佐野政言(さのまさこと)(善左衛門)に斬(き)りつけられる事件があり、江戸市民は佐野を世直し大明神といって祀(まつ)った。それは、ちょうどこのころ米価が下落したことと佐野の行動とを結び付けたものであった。こののち、文化(ぶんか)年間(1804~18)の豊後(ぶんご)大分の岡騒動に騒動・打毀(うちこわし)と結び付いて世直し大明神が登場、1836年(天保7)の三河鴨(みかわかも)騒動(加茂一揆(かもいっき))でも世直しが称されたという。維新期に入って、1866年(慶応2)から明治初年にかけての騒動・打毀は、とくに「世直し騒動」とよばれる。その典型例は上州騒動であり、これらの騒動・打毀は世直し大明神の神意によるものであって、打毀などの過激な行為は、この世直し大明神にかわって行う制裁行為であるとする論理が流れていた。そして、この世直しが目標としている世の中は、小生産者が、不当な支配や収奪を受けることなく、安定的に生産活動に携わり、生活を営めるような、小生産者の世界であった。この目標は、維新の時期においては著しく幻想的なものであり、世直し大明神という考え方もきわめて素朴なものであったが、その論理とそれに基づく激しい騒動・打毀の展開は、幕藩体制の崩壊を決定的にした。明治新政府のもとで、世直しは、政府を相手とする運動に変わったが、政府の騒動・打毀に対する徹底的弾圧と、新たな支配体制の実行とによって、世直しの考え方は体制的に否定されたが、しかしわずかに、民衆宗教の教理などに組み込まれ、継承されていった。

[佐々木潤之介]

『佐々木潤之介著『幕末社会論』(1969・塙書房)』『佐々木潤之介著『世直し』(岩波新書)』

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