A material made by combining and molding two or more materials, which allows it to exhibit properties that cannot be obtained by a single material. This material has been used since ancient times. For example, the Old Testament tells of mixing straw into clay to prevent sun-dried bricks from cracking. Examples include dry lacquer Buddhas from the Nara period in Japan. In a broad sense, most materials found in nature, such as bamboo, wood, and biological materials, are composite materials. There are structural and non-structural composite materials. Structural composite materials are primarily concerned with properties such as strength, while non-structural composite materials are concerned with electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Composite materials usually consist of a material that is dispersed in a special microscopic form within another material; the former is called the dispersed phase, and the latter the matrix phase. They can be classified according to the form of the dispersed phase into particle-dispersed composite materials and fiber-dispersed composite materials. Among structural fiber-based composite materials, glass fiber reinforced plastics are the most widely used and produced in large quantities. When materials such as glass are made into fiber form, their strength is improved. The mechanical properties of composite materials with fibers dispersed in a matrix are usually expressed by the law of composites. Examples of particle-dispersed composite materials include concrete, which is made of sand or gravel bound by a mixture of cement and water, a rocket propellant made of aluminum powder dispersed in polyurethane, a heat-resistant material made of metal particles and a metal matrix, which uses hard particles such as tungsten as the dispersed phase, and a ceramic-dispersed material made of nonmetal particles and a metal matrix, which uses ceramic as the dispersed phase. When materials with different physical properties, such as conductors, non-conductors, and semiconductors, are arranged in specific dimensions, they can exhibit properties that cannot be achieved by themselves. For example, when a material that exhibits superconductivity at relatively high temperatures (18.1 K), such as Nb 3 Sn, is finely dispersed in a conductor such as copper, the critical temperature Tc can be further increased. Optical fibers, which have recently begun to be used as communication cables, are also a combination of glasses with significantly different refractive indices, and composite materials have great potential in non-structural fields as well. [Muneaki Shimura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
2種以上の材料を組み合わせ成形することにより単独素材ではもちえない性質を発揮しうるようにした材料。この材料ははるかに古い時代から用いられてきた。たとえば『旧約聖書』には日干しれんがの割れを防ぐために粘土に藁(わら)を混入させる話が出てくる。日本の奈良時代の乾漆仏などもその例である。広義では、自然界にある材料、たとえば竹、木材、あるいは生体材料などのほとんどが複合材料である。複合材料には構造用と非構造用とがある。構造用はおもに強度などの性質を問題にし、非構造用は電気的・磁気的・光学的性質を問題にする。複合材料は普通、ある材料を特殊な微小形にして他の材料内に分布させた形をとり、前者を分散相、後者をマトリックス相とよぶ。分散相の形により分類すると、粒子分散形複合材料と繊維形複合材料とになる。 構造用繊維形複合材料のなかでもっとも多量に生産され、広い範囲に用いられているのはガラス繊維強化プラスチックスである。ガラスのような材料を繊維の形にすると強度が向上する。このような繊維をマトリックス中に分散させた複合材料の機械的性質は、普通は複合則といわれるもので表現される。粒子分散形複合材料を実用例で示すと、非金属粒子―非金属マトリックスの組合せでは砂や砂利がセメントと水の混合物によって結合されているコンクリート、金属粒子―非金属マトリックスの組合せではアルミニウム粉末をポリウレタン中に分散させたロケットの推進剤、金属粒子―金属マトリックスでは分散相にタングステンなどの硬い粒子を用いた耐熱材、非金属粒子―金属マトリックスでは分散相としてセラミックを用いたいわゆるサーメットなどがある。 導電体、不導体、半導体など物性の異なる材料を特定の寸法で配列させると、単味ではもたない特性を発揮することがある。たとえばNb3Snのように比較的高温(18.1K)で超伝導を示す材料を銅などの導電体中に微細に分散させると、臨界温度Tcをさらに上昇させられる。最近、通信用ケーブルとして使用され始めた光ファイバーも、光の屈折率の大きく異なるガラスの組合せであり、非構造用の分野でも複合材料の可能性は大きい。 [志村宗昭] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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