Jingikan - Jingikan

(1) One of the government offices under the ritsuryo system. In ancient Japanese readings, it is read as "kamizukasa." This office and official name is thought to have been established around the time of the reign of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito (672-696), but the details are unknown. Under the ritsuryo system, it was given a rank equal to that of the Daijokan, and was in charge of Shinto and Imperial Court rituals, the registers of the Hafuribe and Kanbe, etc. Its staff consisted of one count, one daifu, one shofu, one tayu, one shoyu, one taishi, one shoshi, 30 kanbe, 20 urabe, 30 shibu, and 2 jikicho. Many of the posts below the position of Shinto Lord were held by members of the Nakatomi or Imbe clans, and from the mid-Heian period onwards, the position was hereditary in the Shirakawa family, descendants of Emperor Kazan, but the government office itself fell into decline after the Onin War (1467-77).

[Katsumi Kikuchi]

(2) A government agency in charge of Shinto rituals and administration in the early Meiji period. The Meiji Restoration government, which was established under the slogan "the unity of religion and politics," attempted to revive the Jingikan, and on January 17, 1868 (Keio 4), it established the Jingi Affairs Department, and on the 3rd of the following month, it established the Jingi Affairs Bureau, and on April 21, leap year, it established the Jingikan under the Dajokan. Furthermore, on July 8 of the following year, it was made independent of the Dajokan and placed in a higher position, and the office structure was modeled after the Ritsuryo system, with the rank of haku (the first Jingi haku was Nakayama Tadayoshi), thus reviving the Jingikan in both name and reality. However, missionary duties and management of imperial tombs, which were not part of the Ritsuryo system, were added to its duties. Under this Jingikan, the policy of making Shinto the state religion was implemented, but as the "modernization" policy was promoted, it was downgraded to the Ministry of Shinto in August 1971. After that, a long movement to revive it was carried out by proponents of national polity, but it was never realized, and during the fascist period, the Jingi-in (November 1940-January 1946) was merely established as an external bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

[Michio Nakajima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

(1)令制(りょうせい)官司の一つ。古訓では「かみづかさ」とよむ。この官司・官名は天武(てんむ)・持統(じとう)朝（672～696）ころに成立したと思われるが、詳細は不明で、令制では太政官(だいじょうかん)と並ぶ格が与えられており、神祇および朝廷の祭祀(さいし)、祝部(はふりべ)・神戸(かんべ)の名籍などをつかさどり、職員は伯、大副、少副、大祐、少祐、大史、少史各1人、神部(かんべ)30人、卜部(うらべ)20人、使部(しぶ)30人、直丁(じきちょう)2人の定員があった。神祇伯以下の諸職には中臣(なかとみ)・忌部(いむべ)ら名負(なおい)の氏の就く例が多く、平安中期以降、神祇伯は花山(かざん)天皇の後裔(こうえい)白川家が世襲したが、応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）後、官司自体が衰退した。

［菊池克美］

(2)明治初期における神祇の祭祀(さいし)と行政をつかさどる政府機関。祭政一致をスローガンとして成立した明治維新政府は、神祇官の再興を企て、1868年（慶応4）1月17日神祇事務科、翌月3日神祇事務局を置き、閏(うるう)4月21日太政官(だじょうかん)の下に神祇官を置いた。さらに翌年7月8日これを太政官から独立させて上位に置き、また職制も令制に倣って伯（初代神祇伯は中山忠能(ただやす)）以下を置くことによって、名実ともに神祇官を復活した。ただしその職掌には、令制にはない宣教と陵墓の管理が付け加わった。この神祇官の下でいわゆる神道(しんとう)国教化政策が展開されたが、「近代化」政策の推進のなかで、71年8月神祇省に格下げされた。以後、長く国体論者たちにより復興運動が続けられたが実現せず、ファシズム期に神祇院（1940.11～46.1）が内務省の外局として設置されたにとどまった。

［中島三千男］

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