Antonius, Marcus

Japanese: アントニウス（英語表記）Antonius， Marcus

[Born] Around 82 B.C.
[Died] August 30 BC. A Roman general and politician from Egypt. Born into an old family of plebs (commoners). Served as a staff officer of Caesar in Gaul from 54 BC. He was elected quaestor (quaestor) in 52 BC, augur (divinator) in 50 BC, and tribune (tribunus plebis) the following year, and served as Caesar's representative in Rome. However, when Caesar and Pompey (Pompey the Elder) came into conflict, he was expelled by the Senate and fled to Caesar. In 50 BC, he fought alongside Caesar and defeated Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus, and from 48 to 47 BC, he became Caesar's cavalry commander. In 44 BC, he became consul, and when Caesar was assassinated in March of the same year, he published Caesar's will and incited the people with a memorial speech, forcing the assassin, M. Brutus, and others to leave Rome. He initially clashed with Octavian (Augustus), who was adopted by Caesar and was designated as his heir, but in 43 BC they reconciled and the second triumvirate was formed with M. Lepidus added to the two. In 42 BC, Antony defeated Brutus and G. Cassius at Philippi in Macedonia with Octavian, and Antony's reputation as a hero of this battle increased. He stayed in the East to deal with the Eastern problem, and in 41 BC he summoned Cleopatra VII to Tarsus in Cilicia, where he fell in love with her and lived with her in Alexandria that winter. In 40 BC, he returned to Italy and met with Octavian to make an agreement, under which Antony would govern the Eastern provinces and Octavian would govern the Western provinces. To solidify this agreement, Antony married Octavia, Octavian's sister. However, he married Cleopatra towards the end of 37 BC and settled in Alexandria, and his conflict with Octavian intensified. In 34 BC, he conquered Armenia and held a triumphal procession in Alexandria, giving extravagant honors and territories to Caesarion, son of Cleopatra and Caesar, and to the children Antony bore to her. In 32 BC, he finally divorced Octavian. His conflict with Octavian became decisive, and in 31 BC, at the Battle of Actium, he pursued Cleopatra, who had fled the battlefield in the middle of the battle, and escaped to Alexandria. In the following year, 30 BC, when Octavian approached Alexandria, he believed the false report that Cleopatra was already dead and committed suicide, after which Cleopatra followed him. Antony possessed personal charm, military skill, and political astuteness, but he lacked Octavian's foresight and cool planning.

Anthony
Antonius, Lucius

Roman statesman of the 1st century BC. Second brother of Marcus Antonius. Fought under his brother Marcus at the Battle of Mucina, and was consul in 41 BC. In 40 BC he was defeated by Octavian (Augustus) at the Battle of Perusia, but was pardoned and exiled to Hispania, where he died shortly thereafter.

Anthony
Antonius, Gaius

[raw]?
[Death] 42
He was the brother of the Roman statesman M. Antonius. In 44 BC he was sent to Macedonia, but was besieged by M. Brutus in Apollonia, captured, and executed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]前82頃
[没]前30.8. エジプト
古代ローマの将軍，政治家。プレプス (平民) の旧家の出身。前 54年からガリアで G.J.カエサルの幕僚として服務。前 52年財務官 (クアエストル) ，前 50年卜占官，その翌年護民官 (トリブヌス・プレビス) に選ばれ，ローマでカエサルの代理人をつとめた。しかしカエサルとポンペイウス (大ポンペイウス) が対立すると，元老院によって追放され，カエサルのもとに逃れた。前 50年ファルサルスの戦いではカエサルに従ってポンペイウスを破り，前 48～47年にはカエサル麾下の騎兵隊長となった。前 44年執政官 (コンスル) となり，同年3月カエサルが暗殺されるとその遺言状を公表，追悼演説で民心を扇動し，暗殺者 M.ブルーツスらはローマ退去を余儀なくされた。カエサルの養子で財産相続人と定められたオクタウィアヌス (アウグスツス) と初め対立したが，前 43年和解，両者に M.レピドゥスを加えて第2次三頭政治が成立した。前 42年オクタウィアヌスとともにマケドニアのフィリッピでブルーツスと G.カッシウスを破り，この戦いの殊勲者としてアントニウスの信望は高まった。東方問題処理のため東方にとどまり，前 41年キリキアのタルソスにクレオパトラ7世を呼び寄せたが，彼女と恋に落ち，その年の冬中アレクサンドリアでともに暮した。前 40年イタリアに帰り，オクタウィアヌスと会見して協定を結び，アントニウスは東方属州，オクタウィアヌスは西方属州を統治することにし，この協定を固めるためアントニウスはオクタウィアヌスの姉オクタウィアと結婚した。しかし前 37年末頃クレオパトラと結婚して，アレクサンドリアに住みつき，オクタウィアヌスとの対立は激化した。前 34年アルメニアを征服し，アレクサンドリアで凱旋式を行い，その機会にクレオパトラとカエサルとの子カエサリオンおよびアントニウスが彼女に産ませた子たちに法外な栄誉と領土を与えた。前 32年ついにオクタウィアと離婚。オクタウィアヌスとの対立は決定的となり，前 31年アクチウムの海戦で，戦いなかばで戦場を逃れたクレオパトラのあとを追い，アレクサンドリアに落ちのび，翌前 30年オクタウィアヌスがアレクサンドリアに迫ると，クレオパトラがすでに死んだとの誤報を真に受け自殺，そのあとクレオパトラも彼のあとを追った。アントニウスは人間的魅力，武人としての手腕をそなえ，政治家としても明敏であったが，オクタウィアヌスの先見の明と冷静な計画性を欠いていた。