Werth, E. (English spelling) WerthE

Japanese: Werth，E.（英語表記）WerthE

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[Type of hoe]
Hoes vary in the length and shape of the handle (straight, curved), the material of the blade (iron, stone, steel, wood, etc.) and shape (plank hoe, fork hoe, etc.), the size of the handle angle, and the method of attaching the blade to the handle.Combinations of these result in a variety of hoes, and there are large regional differences. E. Werth placed great importance on the method of attaching the blade to the handle, and had the following types: (1) ring handle type, in which a piece of wood was bent to make a handle, and the neck of the blade was inserted into the fold and secured with rattan or similar; (2) mallet knot type, in which the handle was made of a roughly T-shaped wooden fork, and the neck of the blade was placed on the top of the T and secured with rattan or similar; (3) bent handle type, in which one side of the wooden fork that bends at an acute angle was shortened, and the neck of the blade was placed on it and secured with rattan or similar wrapped in a coil; (4) handle hole insertion type, in which the thin neck of the blade was inserted into a club-shaped handle with a slightly thicker tip and secured; (5) flag knot type, in which the shoulder of the blade was placed parallel to the handle and secured with rattan or similar wrapped around it, like tying a flag to a flagpole; and (6) blade hole insertion type. He classifies the hoe blade into those without a neck, those with a hole at the top end through which a handle is passed to fix it. He claims that (1)-(5) originated in tropical hoe-growing regions, while (6) is an artifact of European plough farming, and then spread to Eurasia and North Africa, becoming the mainstream hoe in the world.

From [Plow]

...This is because the origins of various types of wheat, some cereals (foxtail millet, millet), and large livestock (cattle, camels) are all included in this area, which is the basic complex of plow farming. Emil Werth, who believes that the plow originated from the digging stick, assumes that the origin was in the area from northwestern India to Afghanistan, where plow farming and hoe farming coexisted. On the other hand, there is also a view that the origin of the plow is located in the west of this area, because the existence of the plow has been confirmed in Mesopotamia around the 3rd millennium BC, and because the use of the traction force of livestock such as the wheel is thought to have been invented in Western Asia.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Werth, E." is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

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［くわの種類］
　くわは柄の長さと形(直材，曲材)，耕刃の材質(鉄，石，骨格，木など)と形(板ぐわ，又ぐわなど)，柄角の大小，耕刃と柄のとりつけ法などに相違があり，それらが組み合わされてくわの形態はさまざまとなり，地域差も大きい。ウェルトE.Werthはこのなかで耕刃と柄のとりつけ法を重視し，(1)リング柄式　木を折り曲げて柄とし，その折り目に耕刃の首をさし込んで籐などでしばって固定するもの，(2)撞木（しゆもく）むすび式　ほぼT字形の木のまたなどを柄とし，T字の上面に耕刃の首をあてて籐などをまいて固定したもの，(3)屈曲柄式　鋭角状に屈曲する木のまたの一方を短くし，そこに耕刃の首をあてて籐などをコイル状にまいて固定するもの，(4)柄孔さし込み式　先端がやや太くなった棍棒状の柄に耕刃の細い首をさし込んで固定するもの，(5)旗むすび式　旗を旗ざおにむすびつけるように，耕刃の肩を柄と平行状にあてて籐などを巻きつけて固定するもの，(6)刃孔さし込み式　耕刃には首がなく上端部に刃孔があって，そこに柄を通して固定するもの，に分類する。彼は(1)～(5)が熱帯のくわ農耕地帯で発生したのに対し，(6)をヨーロッパの犂農耕の所産とし，そこからユーラシアや北アフリカに伝播していき，世界のくわの主流となったとする。…

【すき(犂)】より

…それは，前記の犂農業の基本複合のうち，各種の麦類，雑穀の一部(アワ，キビ)，大家畜(牛，ラクダ)の原産地がいずれもこの範域に含まれていることによる。掘棒から犂の発生を考えるウェルトEmil Werthは，犂農業と鍬農業の併存地帯のうちインド北西部からアフガニスタン付近を起源地と想定している。一方前3千年紀ごろに犂の存在がメソポタミアで確認されること，また車輪のような家畜の牽引力利用の発明地が西アジアと考えられることなどから，この範域でも西寄りに犂の発生地を求める見解もある。…

※「Werth，E.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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