Cooking oil - Shokuyouabura

Japanese: 食用油 - しょくようあぶら
Cooking oil - Shokuyouabura

Nutrition and Function


Fats and oils used for food can be roughly divided into two types: vegetable fats and animal fats. The main sources of animal fats are milk fat and pork and beef fats . On the other hand, a wide variety of vegetable fats are used, including sesame, soybean, rapeseed , cottonseed, corn, safflower , olive, walnut, almond, palm, and peanut .
<Vegetable oils and fats are a treasure trove of various unsaturated fatty acids>
○ Function as a nutritional component Lipids, the main component of edible oils, are one of the three major nutrients along with protein and carbohydrates, and are essential as an energy source for physical activity. In addition to being a material for making cell membranes, blood, and hormones, ingesting fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K, etc.) together with lipids helps them to be absorbed smoothly into the body.
Unsaturated fatty acids , which are abundant in vegetable oils, have a physiologically active effect on the body and provide various health benefits. Furthermore, some unsaturated fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the human body, so they must be ingested from vegetable oils.
There are many types of unsaturated fatty acids, the most common of which are linoleic acid, α (alpha) -linolenic acid, and oleic acid.
Of these, linoleic acid helps lower the overall total cholesterol level in the blood when taken in moderation, but if taken in excess, it also lowers HDL (good) cholesterol.
<Oleic acid reduces only bad cholesterol>
In contrast, oleic acid has the effect of reducing only bad cholesterol. Therefore, olive oil, which is rich in oleic acid, is said to be effective in preventing and improving dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and heart disease.
<α-linolenic acid that changes into IPA and DHA in the body>
Alpha-linolenic acid, which is found in large amounts in rapeseed oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, perilla oil, and perilla oil, changes into IPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) when it enters the body . Therefore, it is said to thin the blood and help prevent and improve arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, stroke, and dyslipidemia, as well as suppress allergic symptoms.
In addition, gamma -linolenic acid, contained in evening primrose oil, is expected to lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels, as well as improve allergies, rough skin, and hormonal abnormalities.
On the other hand, saturated fatty acids, which are found in large amounts in animal fats, have recently been treated as the bad guy because consuming too much of them can increase bad cholesterol and lead to dyslipidemia and arteriosclerosis. However, some saturated fatty acids, such as stearic acid, are quickly converted into oleic acid in the body and do not have the effect of raising cholesterol.
If you avoid meat, which contains animal fat, too much, you may end up with deficiencies in protein, iron, and vitamins, so it is best to incorporate them in moderation while considering the amount you consume.
Things to be careful about: Taking in too much linoleic acid can reduce good cholesterol and may lead to the development of allergies, so be careful not to consume too much.

Cooking tips:


Edible oils are generally classified according to the raw materials they are made from. Representative animal fats include lard, which is refined from pork fat, fat, which is refined from beef fat, and butter, which is solidified milk fat.
Common vegetable oils include rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, corn oil, and olive oil.
There are also classifications such as salad oil and tempura oil, but this is based on the degree to which the oil is refined. Salad oil, which is used as is in dressings, is highly refined so that there is no oily smell, while tempura oil is less refined so that deep-fried foods have a good flavor, and the aroma of the ingredients is retained.
Additionally, processed fats and oils are made by adding hydrogen to vegetable oils to harden them and then processing them into products for various uses. These include margarine, shortening, which is used in cakes, and powdered cream for coffee.
Margarine is usually used as a substitute for butter, but recently there has been an increase in products that are fortified with vitamins and certain unsaturated fatty acids, so it is a good idea to choose one based on your purpose.
By the way, stir-fries and fried dishes are typical dishes that use fats and oils, and the key to both is the heat and temperature of the oil. When making stir-fry, heat the oil thoroughly before adding the ingredients and frying over high heat. When fats and oils are heated to around 180 degrees, their unique aroma comes out, so this results in a flavorful, not oily finish. However, if the temperature exceeds 200 degrees, the oil will deteriorate and lose its flavor, so be careful not to overheat it.
Also, when deep frying food, it is important to pay careful attention to the heat and keep the oil at a constant temperature. Putting plenty of oil in a thick-bottomed pot and frying the ingredients in small amounts at a time makes it easier to maintain the right temperature and results in crispy finishes.
(Lipid peroxides are a major enemy of health. Store fats and oils carefully and use them up quickly.)
Things to be careful aboutWhen using fats and oils in cooking, it is of course important to avoid excessive intake, but another thing to be careful about is deterioration due to oxidation. Lipid peroxides, which are formed when fats and oils oxidize, are harmful substances that accelerate cell aging and can cause cancer, diabetes, and liver damage. In particular, unsaturated fatty acids, which are considered to be good for the body, are prone to oxidation, so be careful.
When buying oils and fats, try to buy as fresh as possible, store them in a cool, dark place after opening, and use them up as quickly as possible. Also, heated oil oxidizes quickly, so after frying foods, strain it while it is still hot, put it in a light-proof bottle, and store it in a cool, dark place.

Source: Shogakukan Medical Museum of Food Information

Japanese:

《栄養と働き》


 食用に使われる油脂(ゆし)には、大別して植物性油脂と動物性油脂の2種類があります。動物性油脂のおもな素材は、乳脂肪や豚・牛の脂身(あぶらみ)など。一方、植物性油脂には、ゴマ、ダイズ、菜種(なたね)、綿実(めんじつ)、トウモロコシ、ベニバナ、オリーブ、クルミ、アーモンド、ヤシ、落花生(らっかせい)など、たいへん多くの種類の素材が使われています。
〈植物性油脂は各種の不飽和脂肪酸の宝庫〉
○栄養成分としての働き
 食用油の主成分である脂質は、たんぱく質、炭水化物とならぶ三大栄養素の1つで、身体活動のエネルギー源として不可欠です。また、細胞膜や血液、ホルモンをつくる材料になるほか、脂溶性ビタミン(A、D、E、Kなど)を脂質といっしょに摂取すると、体内への吸収を円滑にする働きがあります。
 植物性油脂に多く含まれる不飽和脂肪酸(ふほうわしぼうさん)は、体の生理活性作用をになっており、健康にもさまざまな効用をもたらしてくれます。しかも、不飽和脂肪酸の一部は人の体内で合成できないため、植物性油脂から摂取する必要があるのです。
 不飽和脂肪酸には多くの種類がありますが、その代表はリノール酸、α(アルファ)―リノレン酸、オレイン酸など。
 このうち、リノール酸は適度にとると、血中の総コレステロール値を全体的に下げる働きがありますが、とりすぎるとHDL(善玉)コレステロールも低下してしまいます。
〈悪玉コレステロールのみを減少させるオレイン酸〉
 これに対して、悪玉コレステロールのみを減らす作用をもつのがオレイン酸。そのため、オレイン酸を豊富に含むオリーブ油は、脂質異常症や動脈硬化、心臓病の予防・改善に有効だとされています。
〈体内でIPA、DHAに変化するα―リノレン酸〉
 菜種油やダイズ油、アマニ油、シソ油、エゴマ油に多く含まれるα―リノレン酸は、体内に入るとIPA(イコサペンタエン酸)、DHA(ドコサヘキサエン酸)に変化します。したがって血液をサラサラにして動脈硬化、血栓症(けっせんしょう)、脳卒中(のうそっちゅう)、脂質異常症の予防・改善に役立つほか、アレルギー症状を抑える作用もあるといわれています。
 また、ツキミソウ油などに含まれる、γ(ガンマ)―リノレン酸は、コレステロール値、血糖値を下げるとともに、アレルギー体質、肌荒れ、ホルモン異常などの改善の効果が期待できます。
 一方、動物性油脂に多く含まれる飽和脂肪酸は、とりすぎると悪玉コレステロールを増加させ、脂質異常症や動脈硬化などをまねくため、最近ではもっぱら悪者扱いされていますが、飽和脂肪酸のなかにもステアリン酸のように、体内ですみやかにオレイン酸に転換されて、コレステロール上昇作用がないものもあります。
 動物性脂肪を含む肉類などを敬遠しすぎると、たんぱく質や鉄分、ビタミンの不足を招いたりするので、摂取量を考えながら、じょうずにとり入れていくのがいいでしょう。
○注意すべきこと
 リノール酸はとりすぎると善玉のコレステロールまで減らすうえ、アレルギーの発症につながることがあるので、過剰摂取に注意しましょう。

《調理のポイント》


 食用油は一般に、その原料となる素材によって分類されます。動物性油脂の代表格は、豚の脂身を精製したラード、牛の脂身を精製したヘット、乳脂肪をかためたバターなど。
 植物性油脂は菜種油、ダイズ油、ゴマ油、綿実油、ベニバナ油、トウモロコシ油、オリーブ油などがおなじみです。
 ほかにサラダ油、てんぷら油といった分類もありますが、これは油の精製度のちがいによるもの。そのままドレッシングなどに使うサラダ油は、油臭さが残らないよう高度に精製されており、てんぷら油は揚げものが風味よく揚がるように精製を抑え、素材の香りを残してあります。
 また、植物性油脂に水素を添加して硬化したあと、さまざまな用途に合わせて製品化したのが加工油脂で、これにはマーガリンやケーキの材料となるショートニング、コーヒー用の粉末クリームなどが含まれます。
 マーガリンは、通常バターの代用として使われますが、最近ではビタミンや特定の不飽和脂肪酸を強化した製品がふえているので、目的に応じて選ぶといいでしょう。
 ところで、油脂を使う代表的料理といえば炒(いた)めものと揚げものですが、どちらもポイントとなるのは火加減と油の温度。炒めものをつくるときは、十分に油を熱してから材料を入れ、強火で炒めます。油脂は180度くらいまで熱すると特有の芳香がでてくるため、こうすることで風味がよく、油っぽさのない仕上がりとなるのです。ただし、200度を超えると油が劣化して味が悪くなるので、加熱のしすぎには注意。
 また、揚げものをつくる場合は、火加減に注意して、油の温度を一定に保つことがたいせつです。厚手の鍋にたっぷり油を入れ、材料を少量ずつ揚げるようにすれば、適温を保ちやすく、カラリと仕上がります。
〈過酸化脂質は健康の大敵。油脂は保存に注意し、早く使いきること〉
○注意すべきこと
 油脂を料理に使う場合、摂取過剰を避けることがたいせつなのはもちろんですが、もう1つ気をつけたいのが、酸化による変質です。油脂が酸化してできる過酸化脂質は細胞の老化を早め、がんや糖尿病、肝臓障害の原因になる有害物質です。とくに、体によいとされる不飽和脂肪酸は酸化しやすいので注意しましよう。
 油脂はなるべく新しいものを買い求め、開封後は冷暗所に保存して早く使いきるようにします。また、加熱された油は急速に酸化がすすむので、揚げものをつくったら熱いうちにすぐに漉(こ)し、光を通さないビンなどに入れて、冷暗所に保存します。

出典 小学館食の医学館について 情報

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