This refers to an opportunistic trend within the Marxist labor movement that is influenced by bourgeois ideology and is hostile to Marxism. Its characteristic is that, under the pretext of creative development of Marxism and fighting against dogmatism, it seeks to fundamentally and systematically revise the basic principles of Marxism, stripping it of its revolutionary content, and replacing it with bourgeois theory. Historically, this term was first used to refer to a theoretical and political movement that was systematized by Bernstein, one of the leaders of the German Social Democratic Party, from the 1990s to the early 20th century. The background to the emergence of this trend at that time was the expansion of the influence of Marxism in the labor movement and the changes in class struggle caused by the transition from the free competition stage of capitalism to the monopoly capitalism stage. The social conditions for this trend were the large influx of petty bourgeois class members into the working class and the emergence of labor aristocrats and labor bureaucrats. Philosophically, Bernstein abandoned dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and advocated neo-Kantianism and the gradual "evolution" of history; economically, he made revisions to the theory of surplus value, the theory of capital accumulation, and the theory of impoverishment, arguing that the formation of monopoly capital had changed the antagonistic relationship between capital and labor; politically, he rejected the viewpoints of class struggle, the class nature of the state, and the dictatorship of the proletariat, and advocated a gradual transformation to socialism through bourgeois democratic reforms. His words, "The ultimate goal of socialism is nothing, and movement is everything," succinctly show the essence of revisionism, which seeks to separate the labor movement from its ultimate goal (the achievement of a communist society) and limit it to the pursuit of immediate profits. Nowadays, the term revisionism is used as a label for any theoretical or political movement or group that seeks to revise Marxism from the standpoint of orthodox Marxism (or from the camp calling itself orthodox Marxism). For example, the views of the CPSU were denounced by many Communist parties as Khrushchevian revisionism, but in recent years the CPSU has tended to give the Eurocommunist movement a de facto revisionist assessment. [Mitsuyoshi Ikeda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
マルクス主義的労働運動の内部にあって、ブルジョア思想の影響を受けてマルクス主義に敵対する日和見(ひよりみ)主義的潮流をさす。その特徴は、マルクス主義の創造的発展や教条主義との闘いを口実に、マルクス主義の基本原則を根本的・体系的に修正し、その革命的内容を奪い、ブルジョア理論で置き換えようとする点にある。歴史的には、19世紀の90年代から20世紀初頭にかけてドイツ社会民主党の指導者の一人であるベルンシュタインによって体系づけられた理論的・政治的運動に対してこの用語が初めて用いられた。労働運動におけるマルクス主義の影響の拡大と、資本主義の自由競争段階から独占資本主義段階への移行による階級闘争の変化が、この潮流が当時出現した背景にあり、その社会的条件は、小ブルジョア階層の労働者階級への大量流入、労働貴族・労働官僚の発生などである。ベルンシュタインは哲学的には弁証法的唯物論・史的唯物論の立場を放棄し、新カント主義や歴史の漸進的「進化」を主張、経済学的には独占資本の形成が資本と労働の敵対関係を変化させたとして、剰余価値論、資本蓄積論、貧困化論などに修正を加え、政治的には階級闘争、国家の階級性、プロレタリア独裁の観点を排撃し、ブルジョア民主主義的改良による社会主義への漸進的変容を唱えた。「社会主義の最終目標は無であり、運動がすべてである」という彼のことばは、労働運動をその最終目標(共産主義社会の達成)から切り離し、目前の利益の追求に限定しようとする修正主義の本質を端的に示している。 現在では、修正主義の用語は、正統派マルクス主義(あるいは正統派マルクス主義を自称する陣営)の立場からみて、マルクス主義を修正しようとするあらゆる理論的・政治的運動や集団に対するレッテルとして用いられている。たとえば、かつてのソ連共産党の見解は多くの共産党によりフルシチョフ修正主義として非難されたが、近年のソ連共産党はユーロコミュニズムの動きに事実上修正主義の評価を与える傾向にあった。 [池田光義] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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