Atonement (English spelling)

Japanese: 贖罪 - しょくざい(英語表記)redemption 英語
Atonement (English spelling)

A religious term used mainly in Christianity. Originally it was a legal concept meaning to make amends for sins committed, but in the Judeo-Christian tradition, where the concept of a personal God was particularly clear, it came to mean that the sins committed by humans against God were atoned for and the hostile relationship between the two was reconciled. In this case, the word atonement was used in the sense that a sacrifice was offered on behalf of humans who could not make amends by themselves, and that what was lost was bought back with the price of that sacrifice. In the Old Testament, atonement was made by the sacrifice of an animal by the hands of a priest (for example, a scapegoat, or a scapegoat). In the New Testament, it is taught that Jesus Christ, as the high priest, made a once-for-all atonement for sins by offering himself as a sacrifice on the cross, making it eternally valid, and Paul said that there was an intersecting event between God's assertion of righteousness and the event of love. Throughout history, the atonement of Jesus Christ on the cross has been understood with various emphasis points.

For example, Anselm advocated the theory of satisfaction, which holds that the reward given by God to Christ, who atoned for sins on behalf of humans, was given to humans on behalf of Christ, and thus atonement was established. His contemporary Abelard advocated the theory of moral influence, which holds that Christ's death is the highest expression of love that morally influences humans and directs them to a new path. The Reformers asserted the theory of penal substitution, which holds that humans are originally sinful beings who must be punished by God's wrath, but that Christ suffered that punishment on the cross in place of humans, thereby establishing atonement for humans who were spared from punishment. In modern times, there have been many critical views of God's wrath and punishment, and the death of Christ has come to be understood as an expression of God's love and an ethical example. However, in modern times, dialectical theologians (e.g. Barth, Brunner) have revived the Reformers' understanding of atonement, and Aulen emphasizes Christ as the victor in atonement.

[Yoshinobu Kumazawa]

"Christ the Victor: A Historical Study of the Three Major Doctrines of Atonement" by G. Aulen, translated by Toshio Sato and Kaku Utsumi (1982, Kyobunkan)

[Reference] | Sacrifice | Sacrifice | Scapegoat

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主としてキリスト教で用いられる宗教用語。元来は、犯した罪に対して償いをするという意味の法的な概念であるが、とくに人格的な神概念が明確であったユダヤ・キリスト教的な伝統においては、神に対して人間が犯した罪が償われて、両者の敵対関係が和解されることを意味するようになった。この場合に、自分の力では償いをすることができない人間にかわって、犠牲(いけにえ)が捧(ささ)げられ、その代価によって失われたものがふたたび買い戻されるという意味で贖(あがな)いといわれた。『旧約聖書』においては祭司の手によって動物が犠牲として捧げられることによって贖罪がなされた(たとえば贖罪羊=スケープゴート)。『新約聖書』では、大祭司としてのイエス・キリストが自分を十字架で犠牲として捧げることによって、一度限り決定的な贖罪がなされて、永遠に有効なものとなったと説かれ、パウロにおいては、そこに神の義の主張と愛のできごとの相交わるできごとがあるとされている。このイエス・キリストの十字架における贖罪は、歴史上種々の強調点をもって理解されてきた。

 たとえばアンセルムスは、人間にかわって罪の償いをなしたキリストに対して神から与えられる報償が、キリストにかわって人間に与えられて贖罪が成立したという満足説を唱え、同時代のアベラールは、キリストの死を人間を道徳的に感化して新しい歩みへと向けさせる愛の最高の表現だとする道徳感化説を説いた。宗教改革者は、人間は元来神の怒りの刑罰を受けなくてはならない罪深い存在であるが、キリストは十字架において人間にかわってその刑罰を受け、それによって刑罰を免れた人間の贖罪が成り立つという刑罰代償説を主張した。近代においては、神の怒りとか刑罰などについて批判的な見解が多く、キリストの死を神の愛の表現、倫理的模範などと理解することが多くなったが、現代に至って、とくに弁証法神学者たち(バルト、ブルンナーなど)は宗教改革者の贖罪理解を復活させ、アウレンは贖罪における勝利者キリストを強調している。

[熊澤義宣]

『G・アウレン著、佐藤敏夫・内海革訳『勝利者キリスト――贖罪思想の主要な三教理の歴史的な研究』(1982・教文館)』

[参照項目] | いけにえ | 供犠 | スケープゴート

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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