Consumer movement - shohishaundou (English spelling)

Japanese: 消費者運動 - しょうひしゃうんどう(英語表記)consumers movement
Consumer movement - shohishaundou (English spelling)

A movement in which consumers band together to create a healthy and rational consumer lifestyle within the mechanism of production-distribution-consumption-disposal, and to establish consumer autonomy. Specific examples of the movement include protests against quality and price based on product testing, movements to ban, boycott, and expose products that harm consumer safety and health, movements against waste that pollutes the environment, movements to establish product supply organizations that act from the consumer's perspective, and group purchasing movements that directly link producers and consumers.

[Yazawa Shujiro]

History

Even when goods reach consumers after going through fierce competition in a relatively free market, and even in a society of advanced mass consumption under the monopoly or oligopoly of large corporations, consumers, who should naturally be one of the main players in this mechanism, not only lack the conditions to examine and select the price and quality of goods, but also have no idea how to deal with the advertising and desire manipulation carried out by large capital. In other words, consumers are exploited not only in the production process but also in the consumption process, and it is difficult to say that they are established as the protagonists of consumption. In order to improve this situation, consumer education first became an issue in the United States, and Consumers Research (CR) was founded in 1929 as a movement to turn it into a movement. Then, in 1936, the Consumers Union of America (CU) separated and became independent, aiming to establish a consumer subject independent of producers in a more rigorous way. The British Consumers Association (CA) was then established in the UK in 1957, and these two organisations were joined by three more to form the founding organisations that led to the formation of Consumers International (CI) in 1960, linking consumer movements in Europe, the US, Asia and Latin America internationally.

[Yazawa Shujiro]

Japan

Japan's consumer movement has been carried out by consumer cooperatives, women's organizations (such as the Housewives' Association and the National Council of Regional Women's Organizations), various organizations fostered by the government to establish rational consumer lifestyles (such as Life Schools and Consumer Associations), the Japan Consumers Association (established in 1961), the Japan Consumers League (formally launched in 1974, abbreviated as Nichishoren), and others. The consumer movement is thought to have reached its peak in the 1970s, in response to the maturation of a highly advanced mass consumption society based on rapid economic growth. At the same time, while still focusing on issues of consumer lifestyles, the consumer movement gradually expanded to question the relationship between consumption and production and distribution, and even to question the connection between consumption and waste. Good examples of this include the group purchasing movement that makes the correlation between consumption and production clear, the movement to reconsider distribution systems from the consumer's perspective, and the movement to consider waste disposal that does not pollute the environment (synthetic detergent, dry cell batteries, nuclear power generation).

The consumer movement in Japan since then has been centered around consumer groups such as consumer cooperatives, women's groups (Shufuren, New Japan Women's Association, etc.), the Japan Consumers Association, the National Council of Public Housing Residents' Associations, and various consumer groups liaison councils, and has been promoted in cooperation with various grassroots movements, in cooperation with related groups such as the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, the National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan, and the government. For example, some of the representative issues (problems, challenges) that the Japan Consumers Association is working on are as follows. The first is how to achieve food self-sufficiency and safety. Here, the movement against genetically modified foods and, conversely, the land trust movement to produce safe food are being worked on, and issues such as the safety of school lunches and the problem of artificial sweeteners are also emphasized. The second is the establishment of consumer sovereignty. The third is the establishment of resource circulation and a life of independence and self-governance. The fourth is health and safety. Here, a campaign against vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) has been organized, and a monitoring committee has been established to check whether human rights are being violated through organ transplants from brain-dead people. The fifth is the protection of peace and human rights. Here, emphasis is placed on links with the movement against wiretapping laws (interception laws). And sixth, on cooperation with international consumer movement organizations. Here, emphasis is placed on solidarity with the anti-nuclear and anti-nuclear power movements, and the debt cancellation movements in the Third World, as well as cooperation with the International Consumer Organization.

[Yazawa Shujiro]

Globalization and the Consumer Movement

Today's global consumer movement has expanded its front line to include all issues related to consumption, while keeping consumption as its core issue. In addition to food safety, environmental issues, and consumer protection legislation, it has actively tackled issues such as world trade, electronic commerce, exaggerated and harmful advertising, protection of patients' rights, and the establishment of World Consumer Rights Day (established on March 15, 1982). In other words, today's consumer movement has deepened to the point where it positions itself as part of a movement aiming for economic democracy, while at the same time, in light of the reality that a wide variety of grassroots movements exist, it is trying to realize its goals through broad international solidarity.

Food safety has always been a central issue in consumer movements, and in addition to the issues of food contamination by pesticides and radiation, today there is an active movement questioning the safety of genetically modified foods and hormone-contaminated beef and milk, which have arisen as a result of advances in biotechnology. Of course, the pursuit of safety in consumer movements is not limited to food, but is a universal issue that concerns all products. Since the latter half of the 1980s, there have been many cases of defective products, including wine, fan heaters, and automobiles, and as a result of efforts by consumer movements and bar associations, the Product Liability Act was enacted in 1994. However, even after that, in addition to the defective products of the past, there are countless products that can be considered defective, including houses, toys, medicines, and more.

Addressing environmental issues, another pillar of the consumer movement, is also becoming more urgent. Movements against pollution, recycling, mass consumption and waste, movements to identify and popularize environmentally friendly products, and anti-nuclear and nuclear power movements are all expanding their bases and are deepening into movements to reform the modern lifestyle of mass consumption and mass waste.

Relatively new issues are also beginning to emerge in the consumer movement. One is that with globalization, it has become recognized that the nature of world trade is closely linked to the nature of consumption, and a movement is emerging that questions the nature of global trade and investment from the consumer's perspective. Furthermore, as electronic commerce has become more commonplace with the advancement of information technology, a movement is being proposed to establish consumer sovereignty in electronic commerce as well. Furthermore, raising the issue of advertising, which is closely related to consumption, is also becoming an important issue. One representative example in this field is the movement questioning the propriety of advertising products that contain large amounts of sugar, which are targeted at children.

Another new issue in the consumer movement that has been attracting attention around the world is the movement to establish patients' rights in the fields of health and medicine. This movement, along with issues surrounding welfare services associated with an aging population, is thought to have the potential to become a very important issue in the consumer movement of the future.

In the 2000s in Japan, we can say that there has been some progress in the development of systems for consumer protection, such as the amendment of the Consumer Contract Act, the enforcement of the Electronic Contract Act, and the establishment of the Consumer Affairs Agency. In this context, the consumer movement is reconsidering life as a whole from the perspective of consumption, establishing the subject of consumer rights, and aiming to regenerate humanity in a capitalist society by focusing on lifestyle change.

[Yazawa Shujiro]

"Current Status and Issues of the Consumer Movement," edited by National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan (1981, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "Junk Food: A New Wave of the International Consumer Movement," written by A. Fazal and edited and translated by the Japan Consumers League (1982, Gakuyo Shobo)""Tokyo University Open Lecture Series 35: Consumers," written by Hirano Ryuichi et al. (1982, University of Tokyo Press)""Postwar History of the Consumer Movement," edited by National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan (1997, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance)""Introduction to Environmental Hormones," written by Tachibana Takashi (1998, Shinchosha)""Postwar History of the Consumer Movement: Resources," edited by National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan (1999, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance)""Consumer Life Annual Report 2000 Edition," edited by National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan (Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance)""I can't eat salad anymore - the threat of genetically modified foods" by M. Kimberly and A. Wilson, translated by Masako Yamamoto (2000, Shufu no Tomosha)""Ishida Hideo, "Learning about food safety from complaints" (2005, Umichosha)

[References] | Genetically modified foods | Patient's rights law | International Consumer Affairs Organization |National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan | CU | Housewife's Association | Basic Consumer Law | Consumer education | Consumer Affairs Agency | Consumer Cooperatives | Product liability law | National Council of Regional Women's Organizations | Communications interception law | Electronic commerce | Biotechnology | Recycling

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生産―流通―消費―廃棄のメカニズムのなかで、健康にして合理的な消費生活を創造し、消費者主体の確立を目ざして消費者が団結して行う運動のこと。運動の具体的内容としては、商品テストに基づいた品質や価格に対する抗議運動、消費者の安全と健康を害する商品の禁止・不買・告発運動、環境を汚染する廃棄物に反対する運動、消費者の立場にたった商品供給機関の創設運動、生産者と消費者を直接的に結び付ける共同購入運動などがある。

[矢澤修次郎]

沿革

商品が相対的に自由な市場における過酷な競争を経て消費者の手に渡る場合においても、さらには巨大企業の独占・寡占体制下の高度大衆消費社会においても、当然そのメカニズムの主役の一人であるはずの消費者は、商品の値段・品質を吟味・選択する条件を欠いているばかりではなく、巨大資本の行う宣伝や欲望操作に対して、なすすべを知らなかった。つまり消費者たちは、生産においてはいうに及ばず、消費の過程においても収奪されており、消費の主人公として確立されているとは、いいがたかった。そこでこのような状況を改善すべく、アメリカでまず初めに消費者教育が問題になり始め、それを運動化する形で1929年に消費者研究所Consumers Research(CR)が設立された。そして1936年には、一段と厳格な形で生産者から独立した消費者主体の確立を目ざして、アメリカ消費者同盟(CU)が分離・独立した。その後イギリスでも1957年にイギリス消費者協会Consumers Association(CA)が成立し、この二つの団体にさらに三つの団体が加わって創立団体を形成して1960年には国際消費者機構(CI)が結成され、欧米、アジア、ラテンアメリカの消費者運動が国際的に結び付けられることになった。

[矢澤修次郎]

日本

日本の消費者運動は、これまで、生活協同組合の運動、婦人組織の運動(主婦連合会、全国地域婦人団体連絡協議会など)、合理的な消費生活確立のために行政が育成した諸団体(生活学校、消費者の会など)の運動、日本消費者協会(1961年結成)、日本消費者連盟(1974年正式発足、略称は日消連)などによって行われてきた。経済の高度成長に基づく高度大衆消費社会の成熟に対応して、消費者運動も1970年代にピークに達したと考えられる。またそれと同時に消費者運動は、消費生活の問題を中心に据えながらも、しだいしだいに消費と生産や流通の連関を問い、さらには消費と廃棄の結び付きを問うところまで拡大していった。消費と生産の相関関係を明示化する共同購入運動、消費者の立場から流通機構を再考する運動、環境を汚染しない廃棄を考える運動(合成洗剤、乾電池、原子力発電)などがそのよい例であろう。

 その後の日本の消費者運動は、生活協同組合、女性団体(主婦連、新日本婦人の会など)、日本消費者協会、全国公団住宅自治会協議会、各種消費者団体連絡会などの消費者団体を中核とし、さまざまな草の根運動と連携しながら、それらが日本弁護士連合会、国民生活センター、行政などの関係団体との協力のもとに推進されている。たとえば日消連が取り組んでいる代表的なイシュー(問題、課題)には次のようなものがある。第一は、食の自給と安全をいかに実現するかである。ここでは、遺伝子組換え食品に反対する運動、逆に安全な食品をつくるための土地のトラスト運動が取り組まれており、さらには学校給食の安全、人工甘味料の問題といったイシューも重視されている。第二は、消費者主権の確立である。第三は、資源循環、自主・自治の暮らしの確立である。第四は、健康と安全である。ここでは、塩化ビニル(クロロエチレン)に反対するキャンペーンが組織され、脳死による臓器移植によって人権の侵害が行われていないかどうかの監視委員会が組織されている。第五は、平和と人権を守るということである。ここではとりわけ盗聴法(通信傍受法)に反対する運動とのリンクが重視されている。そして第六は、消費者運動の国際組織との連携である。ここでは、国際消費者機構との連携はいうに及ばず、反核・反原発運動、第三世界の債務帳消し運動との連帯も重視されている。

[矢澤修次郎]

グローバル化と消費者運動

今日の消費者運動は、世界的にみると、消費の問題を中核としながら、消費に関連する問題をすべて含むような形で、さらに戦線が拡大されている。食品の安全の問題、環境問題、消費者保護立法の問題はもとより、世界貿易の問題、電子商取引の問題、誇大・有害広告問題、患者の権利擁護の問題、世界消費者権利デー(1982年、3月15日に決定)の制定問題などが積極的に取り組まれてきた。すなわち今日の消費者運動は、自らを経済民主主義を目ざす運動の一環として位置づけるところまで深まりをみせる一方、運動面では多種多様な草の根運動の群生という現実を踏まえて、幅広い国際的連帯によって実現していこうとしているのである。

 食品の安全性は、いつの時代においても消費者運動の中枢を占める問題であるが、これまでの農薬や放射能による食品の汚染問題に加えて、今日ではバイオテクノロジーの進展に伴う遺伝子組換え食品やホルモン汚染牛肉やミルクの安全性を疑問視する運動が活発に行われている。もちろん、消費者運動における安全性の追求は食品に限らず商品全般にかかわる普遍的課題である。1980年代の後半以降、ワイン、ファンヒーター、自動車などの欠陥商品事件が多発し、消費者運動、弁護士会などの取組みの結果として、1994年(平成6)には、製造物責任法が制定されたが、その後も、欠陥商品ともいえるものは、これまでの欠陥商品に加えて住宅や、玩具、薬、など枚挙にいとまがない。

 消費者運動のもう一つの柱である環境問題への取組みもその緊急性を増している。公害汚染に対する反対運動、リサイクル運動、大量消費・廃棄に反対する運動、環境に優しい商品をどう認定し、普及していくかの運動、反核・反原発の運動などは、運動の裾野を広めつつあるし、それらは大量消費・大量廃棄という現代の生活様式の変革運動へと深化しつつある。

 消費者運動において比較的新しいイシューも登場しつつある。一つは、グローバル化に伴って世界貿易のあり方が消費のあり方と密接にリンクしていることが認識され、グローバルな貿易と投資のあり方を消費者の立場から問おうとする動きが台頭しつつあることである。また、情報化の進展に伴って電子商取引が一般化したのにつれて、電子商取引においても消費者主権を確立しようとする運動が提唱されている。さらには消費と密接に関連した広告宣伝の問題を提起することも重要なイシューになりつつある。子供をねらって大量の糖分を含んだ商品を宣伝することの是非を問う運動は、この分野の代表例の一つであろう。

 もう一つ消費者運動の新しいイシューとして世界で注目されているのは、健康・医療の分野で、患者の権利を確立しようとする動きである。この動きは、高齢化に伴う福祉サービスを巡る問題とともに、今後の消費者運動においてきわめて重要なイシューとなる可能性をもっていると考えられる。

 2000年代の日本においては、消費者契約法の改正、電子契約法の施行、消費者庁の設立など、消費者保護を巡る制度的な整備は一定の前進をみたといってよいであろう。そのなかで消費者運動は、消費の点から生活全体を見直し、消費者権利主体を確立し、生活様式の変革を軸として、資本主義社会における人間再生を目ざしている。

[矢澤修次郎]

『国民生活センター編『消費者運動の現状と課題』(1981・勁草書房)』『A・ファザール著、日本消費者連盟編・訳『ジャンク・フード 国際消費者運動の新しい波』(1982・学陽書房)』『平野龍一他著『東京大学公開講座35 消費者』(1982・東京大学出版会)』『国民生活センター編『戦後消費者運動史』(1997・大蔵省印刷局)』『立花隆著『環境ホルモン入門』(1998・新潮社)』『国民生活センター編『戦後消費者運動史――資料編』(1999・大蔵省印刷局)』『国民生活センター編『消費生活年報 2000年版』(大蔵省印刷局)』『M・キンバリー、A・ウィルソン著、山本雅子訳『サラダはもう食べられない――遺伝子組み換え食品の脅威』(2000年・主婦の友社)』『石田英雄著『クレームに学ぶ食の安全』(2005・海鳥社)』

[参照項目] | 遺伝子組換え食品 | 患者の権利法 | 国際消費者機構 | 国民生活センター | CU | 主婦連合会 | 消費者基本法 | 消費者教育 | 消費者庁 | 消費生活協同組合 | 製造物責任法 | 全国地域婦人団体連絡協議会 | 通信傍受法 | 電子商取引 | バイオテクノロジー | リサイクル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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