When light rays entering an optical system parallel to its optical axis converge at a point on the optical axis, or when light rays leaving a point on the optical axis travel parallel to the optical axis after passing through the optical system, these points on the optical axis are called foci. The former is called the image space focus or rear focus, and the latter is called the object space focus or front focus. The distance from the principal point to the focus is called the focal length, and is an important quantity that indicates the performance of an optical system. When sunlight is shone on a convex lens, the light that passes through the lens converges at the focus, and if a piece of black paper is placed at this point, it will smoke and may even start to burn, hence the name focus. In a spherical mirror, the two foci coincide and are exactly halfway between the vertex of the mirror and the center of curvature. In the case of a convex mirror, the center of curvature is behind the mirror, so the focus is also behind the mirror. In the case of a lens system, the two focal points do not coincide, and in the case of a convex lens, as the name suggests, the front focal point is on the front side of the lens and the rear focal point is on the rear side of the lens, but in the case of a concave lens, it is the opposite. In the case of a thin lens, the two principal points coincide with the center of the lens, so the focal length is the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point. Incidentally, the image point is generally called the focus, but this is thought to be a terminology derived from the fact that the image point at infinity is the focus, and it is important not to confuse it with the focus in the strict sense. [Kazuo Miyake] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
光学系の光軸に平行に入射した光線が光軸上の1点に集まり、または光軸上の1点から出た光線が光学系を通過したのちに光軸に平行に進むとき、これらの光軸上の点のことを焦点という。前者を像空間焦点または後側焦点(こうそくしょうてん)といい、後者を物空間焦点(ぶつくうかんしょうてん)または前側焦点(ぜんそくしょうてん)という。主点から焦点までの距離を焦点距離といい、光学系の性能を表す重要な量である。太陽の光を凸レンズに当てると、レンズを通過した光は焦点に集まり、この点に黒紙を置くと煙が生じ、場合によっては燃え始めるところから、焦点という名が生じた。球面鏡では二つの焦点は一致し、鏡面の頂点と曲率中心とのちょうど中間に存在する。凸面鏡の場合には、曲率中心が鏡の後方にあるため、焦点も鏡の後方にある。レンズ系の場合には、二つの焦点は一致せず、凸レンズの場合にはその名のとおり、前側焦点はレンズの前側、後側焦点はレンズの後側に存在するが、凹レンズでは反対になる。薄レンズの場合には、二つの主点はレンズの中心に一致するから、焦点距離はレンズの中心から焦点までの距離ということになる。なお、一般に像点のことを焦点(フォーカス)ということがあるが、これは無限遠点に対する像点が焦点であることから転じた用語法と思われ、厳密な意味での焦点と混同しないことが必要である。 [三宅和夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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