When sound waves are reflected by an object, the ratio of the incident energy minus the reflected energy to the incident energy is called the sound absorption coefficient. Even for the same material, the sound absorption coefficient varies depending on the frequency, angle of incidence, and conditions behind the material, and when indicating the sound absorption coefficient, these conditions must be specified. The sound absorption coefficient for a plane sound wave incident from the normal direction of the material surface is called the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient, and the sound absorption coefficient determined by measuring the reverberation time of a reverberation chamber with and without sound-absorbing material is called the reverberation chamber sound absorption coefficient. When sound waves enter a porous sound-absorbing material, their absorption is determined by viscosity and thermal conductivity, just as when sound propagates through the air in a thin tube. When there is an air layer behind a solid wall, energy is absorbed by the vibration of the vibration system formed by the wall and the air layer. Generally, when a sound wave travels through a medium, its energy is absorbed and attenuated. If the energy of the sound wave at the vibration source is I0 and the energy at a distance x from the vibration source is I , then α, defined as I = I0e - αx , is called the absorption coefficient and is distinguished from the sound absorption coefficient mentioned above. When the medium is a gas made of monoatomic molecules, α is proportional to the square of the frequency and is determined by the viscosity and thermal conductivity, but in the case of polyatomic molecules, the internal degrees of freedom such as vibration and rotation are related to absorption. Conversely, research into the state of a medium is being conducted by measuring the absorption coefficient. [Yuichi Okuda] [Reference] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音波が物体で反射されるとき、入射エネルギーから反射エネルギーを引いたものと、入射エネルギーとの比を吸音率という。吸音率は、同一材料でも周波数、入射角、材料の背後の条件で異なり、吸音率を示すときは、その条件を明記しないといけない。材料表面の法線方向から入射する平面音波に対する吸音率を垂直入射吸音率といい、残響室に吸音材を入れたときと、入れないときの残響室の残響時間を測定して決められる吸音率を残響室吸音率という。多孔質の吸音材料に音波が入射したときの音波の吸収は、細い管中の空気中を音が伝播(でんぱ)するときと同様に、粘性と熱伝導率とで決まる。剛壁の裏に空気の層がある場合は、壁と空気層とでできる振動系の振動によって、エネルギーが吸収される。 一般に音波が媒質中を進行するときに、そのエネルギーが吸収されて減衰する。振動源での音波のエネルギーをI0、振動源から距離xにおけるエネルギーをIとしたとき、I=I0e-αxで定義されるαを吸収係数といい、前述の吸音率と区別している。媒質が単原子分子の気体では、αは周波数の2乗に比例し、粘性、熱伝導率で決まるが、多原子分子の場合では、振動、回転などの内部自由度が吸収に関係してくる。逆に吸収係数を測定することによる、媒質の状態の研究がなされている。 [奥田雄一] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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